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Immunological Parameters from Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Adsorbents and Challenged with Mycotoxins
Verônica Lisboa Santos,
Juliana Bueno da Silva,
Franciane Cristina de Figueiredo,
Carlos Paulo Henrique Ronchi,
Edenilse Gopinger
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
78-82
Received:
27 June 2022
Accepted:
14 July 2022
Published:
26 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20221004.11
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Abstract: Mycotoxins are one of the most immunosupressive factors in animal diets. It is important to consider that the consumption of certain mycotoxins, at levels that are not cause overt clinical mycotoxicosis, suppresses immune function and decrease resistance infectious disease. In this sense, mycotoxin adsorbents that are effective both in combating the damage caused by these metabolites and in protecting and supporting animal health are increasingly essential in the animal nutrition industry. It has been evaluated the effect of mycotoxin adsorbents, with different compositions, on the immune parameters in broiler chickens challenged with mycotoxins. We have utilized 300 broilers, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replications. Three mycotoxin adsorbents with different compositions were tested, which were added 2.5kg/kg, in diets that were contaminated with 1.0 pp aflatoxin + 50.0 ppm fumonisin + 25.0 ppm DON. Evaluating a control diet without contamination (T1), contaminated diet + YES - FIX HP (T2), contaminated diet + adsorbent A (T3), contaminated diet + adsorbent B (T4). On the last day of the experimental period, blood samples were collected from eight birds per treatment for the evaluation of phagocytosis by flow cytometry and the cecal tonsils were collected and determined the expression of interleukin 6 pro-inflammatory (IL 6) and interleukin 10 anti-inflammatory (IL 10) by quantifying the gene expression by RT-qPCR. In the phagocytosis assay, a significant difference was observed between the control and T4 treatments, with a lower percentage of phagocytic monocytes for treatment 4, which also presented the lowest value of IL-6 (pro-inflammatory). In the phagocytosis assay, a significant difference was observed between the control and T4 treatments, with a lower percentage of phagocytic monocytes for treatment 4, which also presented the lowest value of IL-6. Among the adsorbents evaluated, YES FIX HP provided the highest average production of IL-10, which suggests a greater balance in the immune response of animals to the challenge with mycotoxins, possibly contributing to the greater resistance of this group of animals to the main challenges faced in the field and that require a response from the defense system.
Abstract: Mycotoxins are one of the most immunosupressive factors in animal diets. It is important to consider that the consumption of certain mycotoxins, at levels that are not cause overt clinical mycotoxicosis, suppresses immune function and decrease resistance infectious disease. In this sense, mycotoxin adsorbents that are effective both in combating th...
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Prevalence and Seasonal Abundance of Gastrointestinal Parasites of Merino Sheep in Maseru District, Lesotho
Moeketsi Solomon Phalatsi,
Mats'olo Seloanyane,
Mokete Motente,
Mamasupha Sole,
Mabusetsa Joseph Makalo,
Leballo Gilbert Matsepe
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
83-93
Received:
28 June 2022
Accepted:
20 July 2022
Published:
29 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20221004.12
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Abstract: Gastrointestinal parasites are known to be some of the major limiting factors for successful and productive sheep industry all over the world. Livestock production in Lesotho relies predominantly on communal grazing which presents serious challenges for the management and control of animal diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different agroecological zones, animal age and seasonal changes on the prevalence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in Maseru District, Lesotho from December 2017 and November 2018. The McMaster technique was used to determine the burdens and prevalence of parasites in three agroecological zones. Three agroecological zones sampled were Lowlands, Foothills and Highlands represented by Korokoro area, Setebing and Mohale Dam area respectively. Gastrointestinal parasites had an overall prevalence of 89.2% of all sheep sampled. The prevalence of three types of gastrointestinal parasites identified and quantified in the present study were 73.3%, 61.7% and 1.9% for Eimeria spp, strongyles, and Monezia spp. respectively. Strongyles and Eimeria spp were present throughout the study period while Monezia spp were very low and absent during some winter months. Eimeria spp had the highest counts (2386.74 ± 270.71) followed be strongyles (1165.19 ± 107.33) during summer season. Agroecology did not have a significant (P > 0.05) effect on infection loads. Prevalence was significantly different (P < 0.05) between the Foothills and Highlands. Sheep age had significantly different (P < 0.05) effect on strongyles with relatively high adults counts. Eimeria spp oocysts were significantly different (P < 0.05) by agroecological zones, age and seasonality. Eimeria spp infection gravitated towards lambs than adult sheep. There was a remarked drop in oocyst output in February after weaning of lambs. There was significantly (P < 0.05) more propensity for higher infections of Monezia spp in lambs than in adults. Eimeria spp and strongyles were present in sheep the entire study period. The different factors investigated in the study had varying effects on the burdens and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasite of Merino sheep. Seasonal variations had overall significant influence on both prevalence and abundance of parasites in the study area.
Abstract: Gastrointestinal parasites are known to be some of the major limiting factors for successful and productive sheep industry all over the world. Livestock production in Lesotho relies predominantly on communal grazing which presents serious challenges for the management and control of animal diseases. The present study was conducted to investigate th...
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Performance Characteristics and Blood Indices of Broilers Fed Varying Levels of Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Leaf Meal
Mweugang Ngouopo Nathalie,
Nkana Kontchiachou Gwladys,
Miegoue Emile,
Dzeza Daloko Joseline Lydie,
Fonteh Anyangwe Florence,
Pamo Tedonkeng Etienne
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
94-103
Received:
30 June 2022
Accepted:
18 July 2022
Published:
5 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20221004.13
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Abstract: Cassava leaves are a by-product of cassava root after harvest, and are highly nutritious. The potential of cassava leaves as protein substitute to conventional protein sources was investigated in broiler diet. One hundred and eighty “Cobb500” unsexed two weeks old broilers were used to assess the partial substitution of groundnut cake with cassava leaf meal (CLM) on growth characteristics and blood indices in the research unit of the University of Ngaoundere. The birds were randomly alloted to four treatments groups of fourty five birds each in which CLM was incorporated at 0, 4%, 6% and 8% for treatments ML 0%, ML 4%, ML 6% and ML 8% respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with fifteen birds per replicate in a complete randomize design. Treatment effect was evaluated on 09 birds / treatment at the end of the trial. FI (147.88 g), TG (2042.71 g), ADG (68.09 g), LW (2757.33 g), CW (2162.00 g), CY (96.04%), heart (0.55 g) and gizzard (1.91 g) as well as Plt (3.56*109/L) and TRIG (55.67 mg/dL) contents were higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed ML 6% diet. FCR (2.37) and PEC (2.51) were higher (P < 0.05) in birds fed ML 8% and Control diets. WBC (125.40*109/L), RBC (2.51*1012/L), Hb (12.74 g/dL) and Ht (34.00%) contents and also serum levels in TP (2.64 g/dL), TOT CHOL (78.01 mg/dL), HDL (44.02 mg/dL), ASAT (209.14 IU), ALAT (19.22 UI) and in mineral [P (5.75 mEq/L), Ca (9.68 mEq/L and Mg (2.10 mEq/L)] were higher (P < 0.05) in birds consuming ML 4% diet. These results suggest that inclusion of M. esculenta leaf meal up to 6% supports optimum performances and improves blood indices of broilers.
Abstract: Cassava leaves are a by-product of cassava root after harvest, and are highly nutritious. The potential of cassava leaves as protein substitute to conventional protein sources was investigated in broiler diet. One hundred and eighty “Cobb500” unsexed two weeks old broilers were used to assess the partial substitution of groundnut cake with cassava ...
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A Case Report - Bovine Parasitic Otitis in Cattle of Taita-Taveta District, Kenya
Suryakant Waghela,
Zorro Kashmiri,
Gideon Mwongela,
Mohammed Fazil
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
104-108
Received:
25 July 2022
Accepted:
15 August 2022
Published:
24 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20221004.14
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Abstract: Here we describe an outbreak of bovine parasitic otitis on three ranches in the coastal region of Kenya. The unilateral or bilateral ear infection is initiated by the infestation of the nematode Rhabditis bovis, which eventually manifests as a secondary bacterial infection and/or larval myiasis leading to clinical symptoms and sometimes death of the affected cattle. Depending on the start period of the disease on each of the ranches, the number of animals affected varied from four to fifty percent. Physical examination of ears in early stages showed the Rhabitis worms as a ‘shimmering’ creamy white blob, which on removal showed beginnings of denudation of the mucosa. In later stages, purulent secretion with a liquefactive necrosis was observed following bacterial infections resulting in head shaking and/or banging causing death or early slaughter of some animals. Four hand-mixed drugs were applied as treatment, but were not effective for long periods since re-infestation from the sources led to reappearance of infection in the animals. The nematode is a free living worm found in soil or organic material, and suspected sources of infestations on the ranches were either the night enclosures or dirty dipping tanks. Consistent maintenance of cleanliness of these suspected sources was difficult, especially in the larger enterprises. A constant vigilance with rightly timed treatment and hygiene is necessary to prevent and/or control the disease.
Abstract: Here we describe an outbreak of bovine parasitic otitis on three ranches in the coastal region of Kenya. The unilateral or bilateral ear infection is initiated by the infestation of the nematode Rhabditis bovis, which eventually manifests as a secondary bacterial infection and/or larval myiasis leading to clinical symptoms and sometimes death of th...
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The Role of Ethno Veterinary Practices on Livestock Diseases at Balcad District in Middle Shabelle, Somalia
Mohamed Ali Yusuf-Isleged,
Omar Mohamud Salah,
Bashir Osman Mohamed
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 4, July 2022
Pages:
109-118
Received:
16 May 2022
Accepted:
12 July 2022
Published:
29 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.avs.20221004.15
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Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to July 2020 in Balcad district which was based on questionnaire and interview of the livestock diseases and specialists of traditional knowledge. The aim of this study was to assess the traditional knowledge of major livestock diseases and their medicinal plants used to treatments in Balcad district. The study found out that the majority of animal owners use medicinal plants 93% as traditional treatment and only 5% were used to burn as treatment of some animal disease. In the current study it was found and recorded many types of plants used as traditional treatment were most (12%) of animal owners used Cadia purpurea (Gogobbo), for mange (Cadho) treatment, 10% of the respondents used Aloevero (Dacar) for cattle trypanosomiasis, 7% of the mused Acacianubica benth (Gumar) for FMD (Cabeeb) treatment, another 7% of the respondents mentioned they use Dhiti for nasal inflammation (san boor) treatment, 6% use Acacia tortilis (Qurac) for skin scar (Nabraha jirka) treatment, 5% use Terminalia prunioides (Hareeri) for ear inflammation, 5% use Sesamothamnus busseanus engl (Salaamaco/Saleemac) for wrapped fractures, 4% use Acacia senegal (Cadaad) for pneumonia treatment, 3% use Dogbera glabra (Garas) for placental retention treatment of animals, 3% use Commiphora Erethrraea (Hadi) for treatment of diarrhea in animal. The study also revealed that all different parts of the medicinal plants have been used except the flower part and also different methods of preparation and modes of application were used for remedy preparation, however the widely used plant parts in the preparation of remedies in the study area were root, followed by leaf. Several methods of administration of traditional remedies were also found out by the study which depends on the particular disease to be treated. Crushing of plant parts, fumigation, Wrapping, were the common methods of preparation in the study area. However, crushing was found to be the most common method of preparations in the area as the respondents reveal. Regarding routes of remedy administration, the commonly used route for the administration of traditional medicine in the study area were oral, topical, nasal drop, injection and Ear drop routes were also used at lower levels. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to document and disseminate indigenous knowledge in order to help and share the different uses of plants as animal health care and to promote different conservation measures.
Abstract: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2020 to July 2020 in Balcad district which was based on questionnaire and interview of the livestock diseases and specialists of traditional knowledge. The aim of this study was to assess the traditional knowledge of major livestock diseases and their medicinal plants used to treatments in Balcad d...
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