Research Article
Prevalence of Salmonella in Eggs from Modern, Industrial and Semi-Industrial Farms
Fanta Kaba Camara*,
Ousmane Diarra
,
Aisse Bah,
Sognan Dao,
Adounignia Kassogue,
Modibo Maiga,
Bakary Diarra,
Mahamoud Camara,
Salimatou Samake,
Boubacar Madio dit Aladiogo Maiga,
Atia Traore,
Abdoulaye Zie Kone,
Mamadou Wele,
Amadou Hamadoun Babana
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
97-104
Received:
9 September 2024
Accepted:
4 October 2024
Published:
31 October 2024
Abstract: Bacteria of the genus Salmonella have proven to be one of the leading foodborne illnesses worldwide, with serious consequences for human and animal health. In Mali the spread of this germ from poultry eggs is considered a major source of typhoid fever. Currently, the intensification of animal production has been favored by the use of veterinary drugs, in particular antibiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of salmonella isolated from egg samples collected at the different study sites. The samples taken numbered one hundred and fifty-eight (158 eggs) in Bamako and in peri-urban areas. Peri-urban areas supply Bamako with foodstuffs of animal origin, particularly eggs. Microbiological analysis of the collected eggs was carried out according to ISO 6579-1:2017 standards using Rappaport Vassiliadis culture medium for enrichment and Salmonella Shigella (SS) agar for identification of salmonella. The density results showed that 8.86% of the eggs floated to the surface of the saline solution and the microbiological analyzes showed that the presence of Salmonella in 08 of the 158 egg samples, giving a prevalence of 5.06%. This low percentage could be explained by the misuse of antibiotics in poultry farming. Studies with more advanced quantitative methods should be conducted to identify the nature of the antibiotics present in these foods, as well as to quantify their contents.
Abstract: Bacteria of the genus Salmonella have proven to be one of the leading foodborne illnesses worldwide, with serious consequences for human and animal health. In Mali the spread of this germ from poultry eggs is considered a major source of typhoid fever. Currently, the intensification of animal production has been favored by the use of veterinary dru...
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Research Article
Comparison of the Effects of Antibiotic Sensitivity and Physical Parameters on the Growth of Burkholderia cepacia complex and Burkholderia cenocepacia
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
105-111
Received:
30 September 2024
Accepted:
17 October 2024
Published:
12 November 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20240904.12
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Abstract: Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) has been tied to various FDA drug recalls over the past years. It was found that these bacteria can survive on a broad range of molecules in oxygenic and anoxygenic environments as well as sterilized and non-sterilized environments. The main research question focused on how physical requirements and antibiotics can be used to control Bcc and B. cenocepacia growth. Four replicates of TSB tubes that had pH 4, 6, 7, and 8 were inoculated with Bcc and B. cenocepacia and incubated overnight at 4, 20, 25, 37, and 85°C. The transmission readings of the broth cultures were measured to estimate bacterial growth using a Genesys 2 spectrophotometer. The Kirby-Bauer test was performed using Polymyxin, Ticarcillin, Ticarcillin with Clavulanic acid, Penicillin, Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, and Streptomycin. The E-test was performed using gradient strips of Cefiderocol (C) l (0.016-256 mg/L) and Imipenem-relebactam (IR) (0.002/4-32/4 mg/L). The antibiotic dilution test was performed for Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline after observing larger zones of inhibitions with the Kirby-Bauer test. There was no visible growth of Bcc and B cenocepacia at 4°C and 85 °C at any pH and pH 4 across the temperatures. However, subcultures showed bacterial growth the following day. The growth rates increased significantly at 25 and 37°C as well as pH 6 and 7. The average diameters of the zones of inhibitions of PXB, TCC, TIC, C30, and TE30 for Bcc were 1.3, 3.7, 3.1, 2.0, and 1.16 mm and for B. cenocepacia were 0, 1.2, 1.3, 1.1, and 1.6 mm, respectively. Both Bcc and B. cenocepacia were resistant to P10, AM10, E15, and S10. MIC for the E-test of Bcc and B. cenocepacia for IR and C were 0.67 and 10 and 0.88 and 0. 016. mg/L, respectively. MIC and MBC for the dilution test of the C30 and TE30 for Bcc were 1 and 8 and 64 and 128 and B. cenocepacia 8 and 128 and 16 and 128 µg/ml. These bacteria had faster growth rates with no significant difference in their growth under the various temperature and pH conditions used. The research concluded that both Bcc and B. cenocepacia can grow in typical storage conditions such as 4°C and pH 4, without showing any visible signs of growth. This study showed that B. cenocepacia has significantly higher resistance to antibiotics than Bcc. These results are beneficial for developing strategies to prevent Burkholderia cross-contamination in clinical environments.
Abstract: Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) has been tied to various FDA drug recalls over the past years. It was found that these bacteria can survive on a broad range of molecules in oxygenic and anoxygenic environments as well as sterilized and non-sterilized environments. The main research question focused on how physical requirements and antibiotics ca...
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Research Article
Microbiological Quality of Raw Camel Milk Consumed in the Zinder Region (Niger)
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 4, December 2024
Pages:
112-118
Received:
21 October 2024
Accepted:
7 November 2024
Published:
3 December 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20240904.13
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Abstract: Camel milk is a highly distinctive product for camel-rearing populations. However, camel milk production must be strictly controlled due to the potential risks it may pose to human health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality of processed milk camels from the Zinder region. The study which was conducted in Niger in the department of Tesker (Zinder), was conducted on 34 samples from camels depending on the availability of breeders and also the docility of the females. Seven (7) categories of germs were searched for through microbiological analysis FMAT, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salomonella ssp, Colostriduum perfringens and fungal flora. For the assessment of the microbiological quality of milk, the results of our analyses are expressed according to the reference standards of the Luxembourg Food Safety Directorate (DSA/Luxembourg). These standards are listed in the table below. The microbiological quality of camel milk samples is not compliant to the standards for germs Total Aerobic Mesophilic Flora (85.29%), Staphylococcus aureus (61.76 %) and Yeasts (94.11%) and Molds (38.23%) and with respective average loads in CFU/ml: 1251.79 105; 34.12 102; 612.74 103; 10.15 103. Total Coliform Germs, E. coli, Salmonella ssp and Clostridium perfringens were absent in all samples analyzed. These results demonstrate a lack of compliance with good production hygiene practices during milking. Consumers would be exposed to a real danger to their health if nothing is done to improve the microbiological quality of raw milk.
Abstract: Camel milk is a highly distinctive product for camel-rearing populations. However, camel milk production must be strictly controlled due to the potential risks it may pose to human health. The objective of this study is to evaluate the microbiological quality of processed milk camels from the Zinder region. The study which was conducted in Niger in...
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