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Systemic Responses of Inflammation-Related Factors Following Eccentric Exercise in Humans
Anastassios Philippou,
Maria Maridaki,
Constantinos Psarros,
Michael Koutsilieris
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
32-37
Received:
11 October 2017
Accepted:
26 October 2017
Published:
16 March 2018
Abstract: Background: Exercise-induced muscle damage is followed by muscle adaptation which has been associated with an inflammatory response and is influenced by a crucial balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study investigated the pattern of systemic cytokine responses for several hours after muscle-damaging exercise. Methods: Nine healthy, young men volunteers performed 50 maximal eccentric muscle actions with each leg using the knee extensors. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured by ELISA before and at 6, 48 and 120 hours post-exercise. Results: Volunteers reported significant muscle soreness and their serum creatine kinase (CK) activity increased gradually up to 120 hrs post-exercise (p<0.05). Circulating levels of IL-1a remained unaltered and TGF-β1 increased slightly over time, while IL-2 showed a moderate increase 48 hrs following eccentric exercise (p>0.05). Levels of TNF-α and IL-10 exhibited a similar pattern of response over time, showing a nearly 50% and 100% increase, respectively, 6 hrs post-exercise, while IL-6 increase significantly 6 and 48 hrs post-exercise (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that eccentric exercise might trigger a systemic, predominantly anti-inflammatory, acute cytokine response as part of the adaptation process to muscle damage, where IL-6 may be especially involved.
Abstract: Background: Exercise-induced muscle damage is followed by muscle adaptation which has been associated with an inflammatory response and is influenced by a crucial balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study investigated the pattern of systemic cytokine responses for several hours after muscle-damaging exercise. Methods: Nine he...
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Determining If Competition Level Matters in Developing Positive and Negative Youth Sportsmanship
Skye Gerald Arthur-Banning,
Mary Sara Wells,
Brian Malcarne,
Young Suk Oh
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
38-46
Received:
1 February 2018
Accepted:
16 February 2018
Published:
24 March 2018
Abstract: Millions of young athletes engage in youth sport every year at a variety of levels ranging from beginning instruction up through elite national competitions. Parents are frequently registering these youth in sport for a variety of benefits including the frequently mentioned purpose of “building character”. Although a vague term, building character is often associated with the concept of moral behavior or sportsmanship. Youth sport professionals hoping to develop programs focused on the benefits of improving sportsmanship should understand how all aspects of their programs can either improve or hinder these types of behaviors. This requires a greater understanding of how the level of competition will contribute to both positive and negative sportsmanship behaviors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in positive and negative sportsmanship behaviors exist at various levels of competitive youth sport experiences. To accomplish this, systematic observations occurred at two different soccer tournaments. The first tournament was designed for elite athletes in the Mountain West region of the US while the second tournament was more recreationally based and was located in the South East. A total of 62 games were observed of young athletes in the U-12 and U-14 age groups. Prior to observing these games, observers went through an extensive training to ensure that they could reach 80% agreement in their observations of both the positive and negative sportsmanship behaviors engaged in by the athletes, spectators, and coaches of each game. Results from this study suggest a lack of difference between the two competitive levels in terms of positive sportsmanship behavior, but a significant (p < 05) difference did exist between the elite athletes and recreational athletes in the number of negative sportsmanship behaviors demonstrated in a half game with the elite athletes engaging in nearly four times as many negative sportsmanship behaviors. Although some limitations do exist, youth sport professionals can use this information in a variety of ways. To begin, programs targeted at improving sportsmanship now know how to better target their efforts. This can be done through additional trainings for the programs serving elite athletes. Finally, it is important to note that programs at all levels were demonstrating many positive qualities. Consequently, it would behoove youth sport professionals to attempt to minimize the negative behaviors without eliminating the opportunities for athletes, coaches, and spectators to behave positively.
Abstract: Millions of young athletes engage in youth sport every year at a variety of levels ranging from beginning instruction up through elite national competitions. Parents are frequently registering these youth in sport for a variety of benefits including the frequently mentioned purpose of “building character”. Although a vague term, building character ...
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Energy Expenditure During Incline Walking – Benefits of Integrating a Barometer into Activity Monitors
Armbruster Manuel,
Anastasopoulou Panagiota,
Altmann Stefan,
Ringhof Steffen,
Neumann Rainer,
Haertel Sascha,
Woll Alexander
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
47-54
Received:
15 February 2018
Accepted:
14 March 2018
Published:
4 April 2018
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to compare different methods to determine energy expenditure (EE) on incline walking. Approach: The methods tested were a conventional triaxial accelerometer (GT3X), a versatile system (SenseWear), both utilizing single regression models, and a device equipped with a triaxial accelerometer and an air pressure sensor (move II). Twenty-five healthy participants wore the activity monitors and a portable indirect calorimeter (IC) as reference while walking up- and downhill as well as up- and downstairs. The accuracy of the three devices for estimating EE was assessed based on Pearson correlation, ICC, and Bland–Altman analysis. Main results: For GT3X and SenseWear the ICCs showed a weak correlation (between 0.42 and 0.08) and for move II a strong correlation (between 0.97 and 0.84) between the prediction of energy cost and the output from IC, respectively. Overall, the differences absolute to the IC values were 11 to 35 (12 to 30) times higher for the GT3X (SenseWear) than for the move II devices. Significance: The study showed that a device equipped with an accelerometer and an air pressure sensor had higher accuracy in predicting EE during incline walking than a conventional accelerometer or a versatile system.
Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to compare different methods to determine energy expenditure (EE) on incline walking. Approach: The methods tested were a conventional triaxial accelerometer (GT3X), a versatile system (SenseWear), both utilizing single regression models, and a device equipped with a triaxial accelerometer and an air pressure sensor (mov...
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Effect of Functional Fitness on Plasma Oxidation Level in Elders: Reduction of the Plasma Oxidants and Improvement of the Antioxidant Barrier
Tania Gamberi,
Giulia Gorini,
Tania Fiaschi,
Gabriele Morucci,
Simone Pratesi,
Lucio Fittipaldi,
Massimo Gulisano,
Pietro Amedeo Modesti,
Alessandra Modesti,
Francesca Magherini
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
55-64
Received:
19 December 2017
Accepted:
24 February 2018
Published:
9 April 2018
Abstract: Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the physiological function due to the gradual alteration of molecules, cells and tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the by-product of aerobic metabolism, and their increase is physiologically counteracted by the activation of the antioxidant machinery. A typical hallmark of aging is the imbalance of such equilibrium, due to either an increase of the amount of radicals or a failure of the antioxidant system. Literature reports that physical exercise is able to restore and maintain the homeostasis of oxidants and antioxidants during aging. Recently, growing interest has been turned to functional fitness, a special physical activity aimed to enhance the ability to perform everyday tasks, such as dressing, climbing stairs and preparing meals. The aim of this work was to assess whether a 24 weeks-functional fitness program carried out on 28 elderly participants (57-86 years old) could be able to improve their oxidative status. For this purpose, dROMs (diacron Reactive Oxygen Metabolites) and BAP (Biological Antioxidant Potential) were analysed at the beginning and at the end of the study. Furthermore, both plasma and saliva protein carbonylation levels were explored through proteomics analysis.
Abstract: Aging is characterized by a progressive decline in the physiological function due to the gradual alteration of molecules, cells and tissues. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the by-product of aerobic metabolism, and their increase is physiologically counteracted by the activation of the antioxidant machinery. A typical hallmark of aging is the imb...
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Effectiveness of Cross Taping as a Therapy for Delayed Muscle Soreness
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 2, June 2018
Pages:
65-73
Received:
1 April 2018
Accepted:
17 April 2018
Published:
3 May 2018
Abstract: Background & purpose, Decrease muscle soreness by medical tape is supported by the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the cross tapes in muscle soreness. Twenty normal subjects ranging in age from 18 to 55 with no history of previous skin allergy from any tape and do not have any upper body injuries participated. Subjects will perform the lowering phase of a bicep curl exercise using a dumbbell consisting of 3 sets 25 repetition, followed 90 seconds rest between each set. A grid shaped adhesive, a little larger than a stamp, called a cross tapes will be applied in the bicep of the dominant hand and the other hand as control for one week. The range of motion and pain for both arms will be measured before and after applied the tape. The study findings show that there were statically significant difference between the range of motion and the pain (pre, post) when the procedure is carried out over a period of two consecutive weeks (1 day per week) with large effect size (0.2) and strong power (0.96). However; there were no significant differences between the two groups (right, left arms) with medium effect size (0.1) and weak power (0.33). Therefore, this study suggest that cross tapes may reduce delayed onset of muscle soreness, however more research is needed. Future studies should include a larger number of subjects, more diverse cohort, an exercise that applies a greater intensity, and expands the time of research. Cross tape is an advisable method to decrease delayed onset of muscle soreness and improved functional performance.
Abstract: Background & purpose, Decrease muscle soreness by medical tape is supported by the literature. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the cross tapes in muscle soreness. Twenty normal subjects ranging in age from 18 to 55 with no history of previous skin allergy from any tape and do not have any upper body injuries participated. Su...
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