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Antibiotic Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Clinical Samples in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2017
Pages:
41-44
Received:
13 April 2017
Accepted:
22 August 2017
Published:
12 September 2017
Abstract: Bacterial colonies can differ greatly in their morphologies. These differences can help us in identifying different species of bacteria. The clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are subjected to antibiotic susceptibility, to observe the susceptibility of the isolates against some conventional antibiotics. One hundred and ten (110) pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains were used in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were carried out by disc agar diffusion test. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used as a reference control organism. From this study, males were more infected than females, having 60 (61.8%) and 42 (38.2%) respectively. The age group with the highest number of isolates was (0-10) years while blood culture had the highest frequency of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with a frequency of 42 (38.1%). The sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus to the following antibiotics; clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, cloxacillin, cephalexin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline and amoxyclav were 85 (77.3%), 72 (65.5%), 66 (60%), 51 (46.4%), 46 (41.8%), 43 (39.1%), 43 (39.1%) and 33 (30%) respectively. This study showed that Clindamycin, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin were the most active antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Thus it is believed that these antibiotics should be used in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infections in this region. The study provided epidemiologic data and there is the need for consistent on-going antimicrobial resistance surveillance for important and commonly isolated clinically significant pathogens of staphylococcal species to form the basis for developing and implementing measures that can reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance and prevent a probable impending public health problem.
Abstract: Bacterial colonies can differ greatly in their morphologies. These differences can help us in identifying different species of bacteria. The clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are subjected to antibiotic susceptibility, to observe the susceptibility of the isolates against some conventional antibiotics. One hundred and ten (110) pathogenic ...
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Molecular and Imaging Diagnostic Techniques for Urinary Tract Infections: Modern Approaches
Bobai Mathew,
Ugboko Harriet,
Kadiri Olobo Sunday
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2017
Pages:
45-51
Received:
19 August 2017
Accepted:
7 September 2017
Published:
17 October 2017
Abstract: In developing countries, the frequent failure of the available phenotypic approaches for laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in providing results at the point where medical care is mostly required, becomes a major barrier to efficient antibiotic treatment and management of urinary tract infections in the public health sector. This review therefore focuses on molecular and imaging diagnostic techniques for urinary tract infection as rapid and effective modern approaches requires in health care delivery. Currently, available laboratory diagnoses of urinary tract infection in developing countries are mostly phenotypic approaches, and takes not less than two-four days before completion and result made available for appropriate treatment. From literature, it is apparent that these old-century approaches produce portion of patients’ result that does not fit the true picture; and the techniques had been found with more disadvantages than advantages. Molecular approaches are now emerging as modern laboratory test techniques which enable rapid and effective diagnosis of urinary tract infection with Biosensor, Microfluidics, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and other integrated platforms technologies. These emerging technologies could improve urinary tract infection diagnosis via direct pathogen detection from urine samples, rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing, high precision and point of care testing in public health sector. Imaging techniques have also been so useful in identifying risk factors and abnormalities that can be modified; to decrease likelihood of recurrent (upper) UTI; and to reduce risk of renal scarring. These approaches however, had proved so successful that seems they will replace old-century testing methods, and hence, provides efficient antibiotic treatment and management; therefore, saving health care costs and valuable diagnosis time.
Abstract: In developing countries, the frequent failure of the available phenotypic approaches for laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in providing results at the point where medical care is mostly required, becomes a major barrier to efficient antibiotic treatment and management of urinary tract infections in the public health sector. This revi...
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Antisickling, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Afromomum alboviolaceum (Ridley) K. Schum, Annona senegalensis Pers. and Mondia whitei (Hook. f.) Skeels
Gédéon Bongo,
Clément Inkoto,
Colette Masengo,
Claudine Tshiama,
Emmanuel Lengbiye,
Ruphin Djolu,
Mutwale Kapepula,
Kabamba Ngombe,
Théophile Mbemba,
Dorothée Tshilanda,
Pius Mpiana,
Koto-te-Nyiwa Ngbolua
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2017
Pages:
52-59
Received:
24 August 2017
Accepted:
20 September 2017
Published:
17 October 2017
Abstract: In accordance with statistics from the World Health Organization, nearly 80% of populations depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. In order to scientifically validate the phyto-therapeutic wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, three plants were chosen namely: Afromomum alboviolaceum, Annona senegalensis and Mondia whitei. The objective of our study was to assess the antisickling, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extracts and the dichloromethane fractions of these three plants. Sickle cell blood was supplied from Centre de Médecine Mixte and Anémie SS of Yolo Sud, Kinshasa. Three bacterial strains were used including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 9027. The ethanolic extracts of A. alboviolaceum and A. senegalensis and dichloromethane fractions of A. alboviolaceum and M. whitei showed IC50 values < 100 μg/mL in the ABTS test. Only the dichloromethane fraction of A. senengalensis showed an IC50 value of less than 100 μg/mL for the DPPH test. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) values obtained from the ABTS test are lower than those of the DPPH test. All tested extracts possess a high antisickling activity and only soluble dichloromethane extracts are active vis-à-vis Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 31.5 μg/mL). These results constitute a scientific evidence validating the use of these three medicinal plants for the management of sickle-cell anemia in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Abstract: In accordance with statistics from the World Health Organization, nearly 80% of populations depend on traditional medicine for primary health care. In order to scientifically validate the phyto-therapeutic wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, three plants were chosen namely: Afromomum alboviolaceum, Annona senegalensis and Mondia whitei....
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Haematological Parameters in Pregnant Women Attended Antenatal Care at Sabratha Teaching Hospital in Northwest, Libya
Azab Elsayed Azab,
Mohamed Omar Albasha,
Sara Yosef Elhemady
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2017
Pages:
60-68
Received:
18 February 2017
Accepted:
10 March 2017
Published:
23 October 2017
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the values of hematological parameters at different trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Sabratha Teaching Hospital, Northwest Libya. This cross-sectional survey included consecutive pregnant women who attended the obstetrical department in Sabratha Teaching Hospital for prenatal booking. This study was carried out over period of 6 month from April 2016 to September 2016. The study involved 120 pregnant women as the study group and 40 non-pregnant women as control. The study pregnant women were between the ages of 18 to 45 years. 5 ml of venous blood samples were taken from each pregnant woman in K3-EDTA tubes for the haematological examinations. The analysis of haematological indices was done using automated hematological analyzer. The obtained results showed that the mean age of pregnant women was 30 years ± 5.8 SD, 48.4% of pregnant women were between 21-30 years old, 40.8% were at age between 31-40 years. The most prevalent blood group in pregnant women was group O, 47.5%; followed by blood group A, 28.3%; blood group B, 17.5% and blood group AB, 6.7%. 15.8% of the pregnant women were observed to lack Rh antigen in their blood. Highly significance decrease in Hb, Hct, MCH, MCHC, lymphocytes%, RBCs and blood platelets count and significant decrease in MCV as compared with non pregnant women. On the other hand, highly significance increased in WBCs count, and neutrophils % of pregnant women compared with non pregnant women. A progressive decline in Hb concentration and haematocrite values from the first to third trimester was observed. The mean corpuscular volume was significantly decreased in the second trimester. The values of MCH showed highly significant decrease in the second and third trimester, and MCHC decreased significantly in the first trimester. WBC count and neutrophils % showed highly significant increase from the first to the third trimester. Lymphocytes % were highly significant decreased from the first to the third trimester. Mixed percentage of leukocytes (eosinophil, basophil and monocytes) decreased significantly in the third trimester. Platelets count exhibited a highly significant decrease in the second and third trimesters, and a significantly decrease in the first trimester. It can be concluded that a significant changes in the haematological parameters at different trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women. So it is essential to monitor and manage these parameters during pregnancy.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the values of hematological parameters at different trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women who attended antenatal care at Sabratha Teaching Hospital, Northwest Libya. This cross-sectional survey included consecutive pregnant women who attended the obstetrical department in Sabratha Teaching Hospital for pren...
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Evaluation of Trypanocidal Activity of Bidens pilosa and Physalis peruviana Against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Lilian Mwende Mwaniki,
John Mokua Mose,
Titus Mutwiri,
James Mulinge Mbithi
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2017
Pages:
69-73
Received:
10 January 2017
Accepted:
20 January 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease that causes death and morbidity to man, and also severely limits livestock productivity in endemic areas. It is caused by different species of trypanosomes that occur in Africa, South America and Asia. Although chemotherapy is the main method of trypanosomiasis control, the few drugs in the market are faced with challenges of drug resistance, high toxicity and very costly. There is also no likelihood of a vaccine to control new outbreaks and there are no new drugs in the market. Herbal medicines are increasingly being used as an alternative solution to the control of trypanosomiasis in endemic areas. These are cost effective and economic friendly. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trypanocidal activity of Bidens Pilosa and Physalis peruviana using in-vitro and in-vivo protocols. The in-vitro trials are carried out using 96 well plates where the trypanocidal activities of the plant extracts were evaluated by calculating the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC). Toxicity of the herbal extract was determined by monitoring survival, weight change, lethargy and difficulty in breathing. Parasitemia development after extract administration was used as parameters to test the test compound for trypanocidal activity. In vitro results revealed that bidens pilosa had the highest activity with an MIC of 125µg/ml after 48 hours of incubation against Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense isolated from a patient in busia (KETRI 3684). Toxicity results showed that a dosage level of above 1000mg/kg body weight (highest toxicity trial dose used) of bidens pilosa caused clinical signs such as difficulty in breathing, lethargy, raised hair, loss of weight and death within five days. In-vivo results revealed that Bidens pilosa had some trypanocidal effect but did not perform better than the standard drugs. It is recommend that repeat therapy could be done to clear the parasites completely. Combined therapy of bidens pilosa and physalis peruviana was recommended to see if results can create a rationale for combination therapy in elimination of the parasites. This study has showed that Bidens pilosa and Physalis peruviana have trypanocidal potential.
Abstract: Trypanosomiasis is a protozoan disease that causes death and morbidity to man, and also severely limits livestock productivity in endemic areas. It is caused by different species of trypanosomes that occur in Africa, South America and Asia. Although chemotherapy is the main method of trypanosomiasis control, the few drugs in the market are faced wi...
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Validation of the Infectra®-Kit in Malaria Transmission Studies Using Plasmodium Berghei
Rabia Jahangir,
Kariuki Ndungu,
Joseph Nganga,
Damaris Muhia,
Robert Mugambi,
Geoffrey Ngae,
Grace Murilla,
Robert Karanja
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2017
Pages:
74-83
Received:
29 January 2017
Accepted:
23 February 2017
Published:
24 October 2017
Abstract: Pre-clinical transmission assays are essential for proof-of-concept for transmission blocking strategies but are hazardous to laboratory personnel and animal hosts as it entails exposure of live rodents to infected vectors. Conventional transmission assay methods include the use of anesthesia (associated with undesired side effects). In addition, animal handlers risk being bitten by experimental animals and vectors during anesthesia due to a lack of safe and effective alternatives. Robustness of rodent to vector transmission was determined by comparing the number of oocysts. Vector-to-rodent transmission was determined by measuring parasitemia, gametocytemia, changes in body weight and survival time. A completely randomized design was used in this study. Rodent-to-vector transmission was analyzed by log linear model. Fecundity, gametocytemia, parasitaemia and changes in body weight were analyzed by regression analysis. Survival times were analyzed Kaplan-Meier method for determination of survival distribution function. Rank test of homogeneity were used to determine the effect of restraining method infection on survival times. There was no significant difference (p<0.001) in fecundity of mosquitoes fed on anesthetized mice; 122±22.1 eggs compared to INFECTRA®-Kit group with 110±14.1 eggs. Oocyst production increased gradually though not significantly (p<0.001) in both groups of mice with the number of mosquitoes. The INFECTRA®-Kit group increased from 2.7%±0.3 (1 mosquito) to 9.3%±0.3 (6 mosquitoes), the conventional group was 3.7%±0.3 to 8.6%±0.3 (6 mosquitoes). Parasitemia progression was characterized by two waves in INFECTRA®-Kit and three waves in the conventional group. The highest parasitaemia peak was 22% attained on 22dpi for the INFECTRA®-Kit and 17.8% attained on 26 dpi for the conventional group. Gametocytes were detected on 16 dpi in both groups and thereafter increased significantly (p<0.001) with dpi. In the INFECTRA®-Kit group, gametocytemia was represented by two oscillations while the conventional group was three cycles with peak gametocytes increasing with each subsequent peak. Disease progression was higher and survival times shorter with INFECTRA®-Kit than with anesthetized mice and there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between the two methods in body weight and gametocytemia. INFECTRA®-Kit is equivalent to that of anesthesia method but more advantageous given the more ethical and humane treatment of animals.
Abstract: Pre-clinical transmission assays are essential for proof-of-concept for transmission blocking strategies but are hazardous to laboratory personnel and animal hosts as it entails exposure of live rodents to infected vectors. Conventional transmission assay methods include the use of anesthesia (associated with undesired side effects). In addition, a...
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