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Anionic Surfactunt Determination at the Anzali Wetland, Iran
Azemat Ghandi,
Hojat Khodaparast,
Hadi Babaei,
Afshin Fahim
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
1-4
Received:
21 October 2017
Accepted:
11 March 2018
Published:
30 May 2018
Abstract: Surfactant is pollutants that enter in to water ecosystem through industrial and urban sewages. The objective of this project is to determine the level of LAS and seasonal trend in eight different station of the Anzali wetland and compare them with maximum allowable value. In the study 96 samples of water were extracted by liquid–liquid method and the LAS were determined as methylene blue active substances (MBAS).The concentration of surfactant in the Pirbazar and the Caspian Sea stations varied from 0.176 to 0.422, and 0.098 to 0.049 mg/l while the seasonal concentration varied from 0.49 to 0.422 mg/l. The significant different were observed solely in the eastern of the Anzali wetland at the Pirbazar station (P < 0.05). The results showed that the highest of surfactant level measured about 0.27±0.10 mg/l at the Pirbazar station and the lowest recorded with 0.066 ± 0.022 mg/l in the Caspian Sea. The seasonal variations displayed, surfactant concentrations varied between 0.17 ± 0.07 and 0.10 ± 0.06 mg/l in winter and spring respectively, and average of 0.137± 0.037 mg/l. By the way no significant different were detected between seasons. In spite of this, LAS amount in water with other chemical material can create unfavorite effect on this ecosystem.
Abstract: Surfactant is pollutants that enter in to water ecosystem through industrial and urban sewages. The objective of this project is to determine the level of LAS and seasonal trend in eight different station of the Anzali wetland and compare them with maximum allowable value. In the study 96 samples of water were extracted by liquid–liquid method and ...
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Phycoremediation: An Eco-Solution to Environmental Protection and Sustainable Remediation
Ezenweani Raymond Sunday,
Ogbebor Jeffrey Uyi,
Opule Onyinye Caleb
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
5-10
Received:
4 April 2018
Accepted:
28 April 2018
Published:
4 June 2018
Abstract: Phycoremediation involves the remediation of contaminants in a water body using algae (micro and macro). Algae fix carbon-dioxide by photosynthesis and remove excess nutrients effectively at minimal cost. It removes pathogens and toxic materials from waste water. Xenobiotics, chemicals and heavy metals are known to be detoxified, transform, accumulated or volatilized by algal metabolism. It offers advantage over conventional methods of remediation by its effectiveness, efficiency and eco-friendly nature. Commercially, it involves design and construction of Waste Stabilization Pond System (WSPs) and High Rate Algal Ponds (HRAP) with difference in that WSPs are unmixed or involves a little mixing, so can experience stratification, but the HRAPs involves process of mixing using paddle wheel. There are industries that are commercially involved in phycoremediation and they experience cost reduction and maximization of profit compared to the convectional system of remediation.
Abstract: Phycoremediation involves the remediation of contaminants in a water body using algae (micro and macro). Algae fix carbon-dioxide by photosynthesis and remove excess nutrients effectively at minimal cost. It removes pathogens and toxic materials from waste water. Xenobiotics, chemicals and heavy metals are known to be detoxified, transform, accumul...
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The Investigation of Fluorescence Spectra and Fluorescence Quantum Yield of Enrofloxacin
Lihua Ma,
Baosheng Liu,
Chundan Wang,
Hongcai Zhang,
Xu Cheng
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
11-16
Received:
4 May 2018
Accepted:
30 May 2018
Published:
1 July 2018
Abstract: In this paper, the fluorescence spectra of Enrofloxacin (ENR) in different pH conditions was studied in order to determine its structural changes due to protonation with pH changes. The ENR two-step dissociation constant is calculated and the fluorescence quantum yield under acidic conditions is measured. In the strong acidic conditions, ENR exists of H3L2+ form of which maximum emission wavelength is at 450 nm. At the condition of pH 2.45 to 4.23, ENR exists of H2L+ form with strong and steady fluorescence. The maximum emission wavelength is still 450 nm. At the condition of pH more than 4.23, the maximum emission wavelengths are gradually blue shifted to 445 nm and the fluorescence intensity decrease with the increase of pH which shows that H2L+ loses one proton with the increase of pH and exists in the form of bipolar ion HL. When the pH is more than 12.28, the fluorescence intensity are weakened to nearly disappear with the increase of pH value, indicating that HL gradually loses the proton with the conversion to the anion of L- which is weaker fluorescence. In the buffer solution of pH 3.00, with quinine sulfate as reference, the fluorescence quantum yield of ENR at excitation wavelength of 274 nm is 0.125.
Abstract: In this paper, the fluorescence spectra of Enrofloxacin (ENR) in different pH conditions was studied in order to determine its structural changes due to protonation with pH changes. The ENR two-step dissociation constant is calculated and the fluorescence quantum yield under acidic conditions is measured. In the strong acidic conditions, ENR exists...
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Comparative Studies on the Interaction of Rhodamine B with Bovine Serum Albumin Using Fluorescence Method and Synchronous Fluorescence Method
Chundan Wang,
Baosheng Liu,
Lihua Ma,
Hongcai Zhang,
Xu Cheng
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
17-25
Received:
4 May 2018
Accepted:
6 June 2018
Published:
4 July 2018
Abstract: The reaction mechanism of rhodamine B (RHB) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy at different temperatures (298 K, 310 K and 318 K). The results showed that electrostatic force played a major role on the conjugation reaction between BSA and RHB, and the type of quenching was static quenching. Primary binding site for RHB was sub-hydrophobic domain IIA, and the number of binding sites was 1. The order of magnitude of binding constants (Ka) was 104. The value of Hill’s coefficients (nH) was approximately equal to 1, which suggested no cooperativity in BSA-RHB system. The donor-to-acceptor distance r < 7 nm indicated that the static fluorescence quenching of BSA by RHB was also a non-radiation energy transfer process. The results of two methods were consistent that showed the synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy could be used to study the reaction mechanism between drug and protein, and was a useful supplement to the conventional fluorescence quenching method.
Abstract: The reaction mechanism of rhodamine B (RHB) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy at different temperatures (298 K, 310 K and 318 K). The results showed that electrostatic force played a major role on the conjugation reaction between BSA and RHB, and the type of qu...
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The Effect of Pulse Vaccination on the Transmission Dynamics of Rotavirus Diarrhea
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
26-31
Received:
18 May 2018
Accepted:
12 June 2018
Published:
9 July 2018
Abstract: Diarrhea is the third most fatal disease in the developing countries. Approximately 611,000 children die each year due to effect of rotavirus infection. Rotavirus also causes gastroenteritis in adults and it is the main cases of travellers’ diarrhea. After initial contact, children are more susceptible to be affected with diarrhoeal illnesses of any kind, but the repeatition of infections with rotavirus tend to be less severe than the original infection. Rotavirus continues to persist, is attributed to the different modes of transmission among the pathogens. To fight against this problem, several rotavirus vaccines have been developed. Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs within the last two years are currently in use. These vaccines present a degree of protection from rotavirus infection. We formulate a model of the spread of rotavirus diarrhea based on a continuous time ordinary differential equations model. We further expand the model to investigate the effects of pulse vaccination. We use computer simulations to further analyze the effect of vaccination as a controlled method. We find the minimum levels of vaccination necessary in this model to eradicate severe rotavirus disease.
Abstract: Diarrhea is the third most fatal disease in the developing countries. Approximately 611,000 children die each year due to effect of rotavirus infection. Rotavirus also causes gastroenteritis in adults and it is the main cases of travellers’ diarrhea. After initial contact, children are more susceptible to be affected with diarrhoeal illnesses of an...
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Co-exposure of Lead Acetate and Sodium Arsenite Causes Alteration in the Markers of Liver and Kidney Functions in Male Wistar Rats
Omowumi Oyeronke Adewale,
Ekundayo Stephen Samuel,
Opeyemi Olusayo Oluwuyi,
Seun Funmilola Akomolafe
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 1, June 2018
Pages:
32-39
Received:
5 July 2018
Accepted:
27 July 2018
Published:
27 August 2018
Abstract: Study aim: More is still to be known about the combinative effect of lead and arsenic compounds on critical organs. In this study, the effect of single and combined exposure to lead and arsenic on some biomarkers associated with liver and kidney functions in healthy Wistar rats was assessed. Method: The rats were divided into four groups (n = 5) and were treated with sodium arsenite or lead acetate individually or in combination for 14 days. Results: The results revealed that single exposure to either compound caused significant increase in the hepatic transaminases and alkaline phosphatase. Significant decrease in serum proteins and glucose concentration were also observed with morphological changes in the liver of treated rats as discovered by the photomicrographs from light microscopy indicating hepatotoxicity. Similarly, significant increase in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine concentration with simultaneous rise in the concentrations of serum potassium and sodium were observed. The photomicrographs of the kidney from light microscopy showed congestion in the interstitial spaces indicating compromised function of the kidney. The combination of the two metals demonstrated the enhanced effect on these parameters when likened with their individual treatments. Conclusion: This study therefore proves the enhanced toxicity induced by co-exposure to lead acetate and sodium arsenite among biomarkers of liver and kidney functions in Wistar rats.
Abstract: Study aim: More is still to be known about the combinative effect of lead and arsenic compounds on critical organs. In this study, the effect of single and combined exposure to lead and arsenic on some biomarkers associated with liver and kidney functions in healthy Wistar rats was assessed. Method: The rats were divided into four groups (n = 5) an...
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