Ro-autoantibody System and Characterisation of Protein Isoforms of Ro60 in Systemic Erythematosus Lupus (An Update)
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
1-10
Received:
3 February 2020
Accepted:
24 February 2020
Published:
11 May 2020
Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory and autoimmune disorder that usually affects various self-tissues of the body, whose sera is predominantly reported to have autoantibodies against Ro60 or TROVE-2 protein. Ro60 is a ring-shaped RNA-binding protein, that usually binds misfolded non-coding RNAs, pre-5S rRNA, and several small cytoplasmic RNA molecules known as Y RNAs (hY-RNAs). Y RNAs are known to be involved in regulating cellular stress responses and also in initiation of chromosomal replication. Ro60 is known to have 6 isoforms along with the short isoform. Recent studies of Ro60 protein in mammalian cells suggests that Ro60 is vital for the cell survival after the UV irradiation. It is evident that Ro60 is essential for degrading the damaged RNA due to the UV irradiation, because exposure to the UV irradiation might result in RNA: RNA and RNA: Protein crosslinks. Also, role of Ro60 in maintaining the tolerance is supported by the experiment which resulted in development of lupus like syndrome in the Ro60 knock-down mice by producing antibodies against chromatin and ribosomes. Thus, it is evident from the various studies that Ro60 is inevitably important for the cells and tissues for preventing the autoimmunity. This review focusses on the pathology and autoantibody system in SLE, structure and functions of the Ro60 in association with Y RNAs, and epitope bindings of Ro60 to the anti-Ro positive sera from SLE patients.
Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory and autoimmune disorder that usually affects various self-tissues of the body, whose sera is predominantly reported to have autoantibodies against Ro60 or TROVE-2 protein. Ro60 is a ring-shaped RNA-binding protein, that usually binds misfolded non-coding RNAs, pre-5S rRNA, and several...
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Synthesis of K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]-kaolin Nanocomposite and Degradation of Leachate by K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]-kaolin Nanocomposite
Osu Charles Ikenna,
Okeacha Ezinne Grace,
Iwuoha Godson Ndubuisi
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
11-24
Received:
21 December 2019
Accepted:
7 January 2020
Published:
28 May 2020
Abstract: K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]-Kaolin Nano composite was synthesized by impregnating or intercalation of K3 [Fe (C2O4)3] into kaolin. The Nano composite was used to degrade landfill leachate by oxidation/reduction of organic and inorganic substances present in the landfill leachate. Landfill leachate 1 and 3 had the highest concentration of characteristics of contaminants (COD, BOD5, TDS, TSS, Organic - N, NH3 - N, Cr, Pb and Cd) than landfill leachate 2. In landfill 1, the percentage reduction of Cd, Pb, COD, NH3-N, Cr using kaolin were 88.69, 76.32, 65.6, 46.7, and 35.56 respectively which were less than the values obtained when K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]-Kaolin Nano composite was used for the degradation of Cd, Pb, COD, NH3-N, and Cr with values 92.4, 83.5, 91.5, 92.4, and 81.00 respectively. In landfill 2 and 3, K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]-Kaolin Nano composite demonstrated higher percentage reduction than that of the unmodified kaolin. These results showed that increasing the pH and the temperature of the solution (leachate), increased the percentage reduction of the contaminants such that the optimum temperature for the reduction of the various characteristics was at 100°C while that of pH was at 10.5 beyond this value no further significance reduction was observed therefore, at the point the reaction was said to be completed. The change in enthalpy (ΔH) value of the reaction processes were all positives which denoted that the reaction process was endothermic that is, heat was absorbed into the surrounding. The correlation factor, R2 for the three leachate samples showed less proximity and high remoteness from unity which also confirmed that the reduction process of COD, Pb and Cd using kaolin impregnated with ferrioxalate was temperature dependent reaction (Walter and Geoffrey, 1992). The change in entropy of the reaction (ΔS) is highly temperature dependent too because it is positive. The values of ΔG for the three landfill leachate samples were positives.
Abstract: K3 [Fe (C2O4)3]-Kaolin Nano composite was synthesized by impregnating or intercalation of K3 [Fe (C2O4)3] into kaolin. The Nano composite was used to degrade landfill leachate by oxidation/reduction of organic and inorganic substances present in the landfill leachate. Landfill leachate 1 and 3 had the highest concentration of characteristics of con...
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Finite Time Analysis of Endoreversible Combined Cycle Based on the Stefan-boltzmann Heat Transfer Law
Amir Ghasemkhani,
Said Farahat,
Mohammad Mahdi Naserian
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 1, June 2020
Pages:
25-31
Received:
5 April 2020
Accepted:
23 April 2020
Published:
29 May 2020
Abstract: This work examines endoreversible combined cycle based on finite time thermodynamic concepts. In this study, the proposed system is cascade combined cycle have three heat sources. Effects of irreversibility due to the heat transfer at the system boundaries are considered. The study is based on Stephen Boltzmann's heat transfer laws. Based on finite size, this research analyzes the system based on first and second law thermodynamics. Dimensionless power, efficiency, and entropy generation are calculated based on the dimensionless variables. Dimensionless variables are primary and secondary temperature ratios, common temperature ratio, and the ratio of thermal conductance of each heat exchanger. The effects of dimensionless variables on thermodynamic criteria are examined. Also, optimization is performed base on different criteria such as dimensionless power, energy efficiency and entropy generation by genetic algorithm. The optimization results show that the maximum dimensionless power, the maximum energy efficiency and minimum entropy generation are 0.035092393, 61.09% and 8.132 E-07, respectively. The results of this study are very close to the actual results. New thermodynamic criteria bring systems closer to better conditions. Furthermore, the heat transfer mechanism and heat transfer law greatly affect performance and thermodynamic criteria another. These results are used in the design of radiant heat exchangers.
Abstract: This work examines endoreversible combined cycle based on finite time thermodynamic concepts. In this study, the proposed system is cascade combined cycle have three heat sources. Effects of irreversibility due to the heat transfer at the system boundaries are considered. The study is based on Stephen Boltzmann's heat transfer laws. Based on finite...
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