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Driving Factors Aggravate the Incidence and Severity of Coffee Leaf Rust (Hemileia vastatrix Be & Br.) in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
80-87
Received:
9 May 2022
Accepted:
6 June 2022
Published:
5 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.11
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Abstract: Driving factors aggravating coffee leaf rust caused by biotrophic fungus Hemileiavastatrix Be & Br. was critically assessed and examined in 406 sample coffee farms from 27 districts, nine zones across major coffee growing two regions (Oromia and SNNPR) of Ethiopia. All associated environmental and soil factors were noted carefully from each plot. Univariate analysis as of linear mixed model was fitted separately to each variables for testing the effect of categorical factors as fixed effects tested individually in the model. A linear regression model was fitted to data on the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify individuals with similar profile and the associations between categorical variables. Based on the study, CLR is widely distributed all over coffee growing areas of the country with varying intensities. There was a highly significant (p < 0.001) and negative correlation between altitude, management practice and shade level with CLR intensity. Moreover, there is highly significant (p < 0.001) and positive correlation between coffee production systems and coffee cultivars with disease intensity. Based on the study number of factors affect the disease epidemics, such as climate change effect of high temperature, lack of known durable resistant coffee varieties, lack of disease management practice and lack of recommended fungicide application. This empirical evidence shows that CLR was an upsurge and interacting with number of factores and will be remains a major challenge to Arabica coffee production in Ethiopia.
Abstract: Driving factors aggravating coffee leaf rust caused by biotrophic fungus Hemileiavastatrix Be & Br. was critically assessed and examined in 406 sample coffee farms from 27 districts, nine zones across major coffee growing two regions (Oromia and SNNPR) of Ethiopia. All associated environmental and soil factors were noted carefully from each plot. U...
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Determinants of Food Security Status of Rural Households in Benishangul Gumuz Region: The Case of Pawe Woreda
Chirotaw Tsegaw,
Adem Endris,
Getaneh Assefa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
88-97
Received:
19 May 2022
Accepted:
8 June 2022
Published:
5 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.12
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Abstract: Rural household’s food security mediations can be viably actualized through in-depth Analysis of food security status and its determinants. Food insecurity frailty is basically more broad and serious in rural areas than in urban ones. This study was conducted to analyze the determinants of household food security in Pawe woreda. This study followed two-stage sampling procedure to draw samples representing rural households. The total of 330 households were randomly selected from four rural Kebeles. The study employed survey questionnaire, Focus group Discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview (KII) data collection methods. Descriptive statistics were used. Accordingly, the percentages of food security status of all respondents in the study area were found to be 26.36%, 32.12% and 41.52% were low, medium and high dietary diversity score, respectively. In econometric analysis we employed ordered probit model. Accordingly, education level of household head and farm experience, utilization of credit, tropical livestock, market information and access to training showed a significant and positive effect on food security. Whereas distance from the nearest market have a negative and significant effect on food security. The results suggest that the concerned bodies give emphasis, strengthening education and skill training centers to farming households and agricultural marketing and infrastructures that enhance off farm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed to increase food security in the study area.
Abstract: Rural household’s food security mediations can be viably actualized through in-depth Analysis of food security status and its determinants. Food insecurity frailty is basically more broad and serious in rural areas than in urban ones. This study was conducted to analyze the determinants of household food security in Pawe woreda. This study followed...
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Effect of Wheat Rust Diseases on Grain Yield and Yield Components of Bread Wheat Genotypes at Low to Mid Altitude in Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
98-103
Received:
10 June 2022
Accepted:
6 July 2022
Published:
13 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.13
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Abstract: Bread wheat production is reduced by wheat fungal wheat rust diseases: Stem rust, Yellow rust, and Leaf rust. In Ethiopia, stem rust and yellow rust are the two major wheat rusts in occurrence and importance. Through evaluation and selection for years, noble bread wheat varieties can be developed and released. The National Wheat Research Program Introduced the 21 Spring Bread Wheat Trial from International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) in 2021. The trial had a total of fifty entries: forty seven genotype, two checks, and one empty room for the local check. The design was alpha lattice design with two replications. A rep had five sub-blocks; the sub-block had ten plots. The plot size was 2.5m in length by 1.2m in width. The total area of the plot was 3m2 and planted with six rows. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations between wheat rust diseases and other trait computed to see the relationship. The top six highly susceptible genotypes for yellow rust were: EBW214106, EBW214090, EBW214089, EBW214074, EBW214099, and EBW214097. Some genotypes were susceptible to both diseases; others were resistant to one of the diseases. ETBW EBW214113 had the highest CI for stem rust and the lowest CI for yellow rust. At Kulumsa, negative genotypic correlations were obtained between yellow rust and DTH r = -0.17; between yellow rust and DTM r = -0.23; between yellow rust and PHT r = -0.67***; SRCI, r = -0.33*; TKW, r = -0.79***; HLW, r = -0.57***; and GYLD, r= -0.85. Ethiopia is one of the hotspot areas for these diseases. Thus, selections for resistance genotypes are a precondition in releasing wheat variety for the farmers.
Abstract: Bread wheat production is reduced by wheat fungal wheat rust diseases: Stem rust, Yellow rust, and Leaf rust. In Ethiopia, stem rust and yellow rust are the two major wheat rusts in occurrence and importance. Through evaluation and selection for years, noble bread wheat varieties can be developed and released. The National Wheat Research Program In...
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Improvement of Injera Quality Through Incorporation of Fenugreek in Tef Flour
Oli Legassa,
Tamirat Kore,
Muhaba Seifu,
Deribe Mengistu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
104-109
Received:
25 May 2022
Accepted:
25 June 2022
Published:
20 July 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.14
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Abstract: Injera is most commonly consumed food in Ethiopia. Traditionally, injera can be made from tef and other cereals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fenugreek (raw, roasted and germinated) incorporation (1%, 3% and 5%) on nutritional composition, sensory quality and keeping quality of tef injera. Protein content was determined by Kjeldal method. Moisture and ash content were determined with oven and Furnace, respectively. Untrained but experienced panelists were used in sensory analysis. Days of storage was recorded and compared with control injera for shelf life determination. The result showed that injera enriched with 5% raw and roasted fenugreek had the highest crude protein contents and crude fiber compared with control (100% tef flour). Injera made with 5% raw fenugreek had less mold growth, which had recorded significantly the highest shelf life (five days). Sensory evaluation (appearance, taste, aroma, texture and overall acceptability) indicated that of all injera incorporated with 1% to 5% of fenugreek flour were more preferable than the control sample except the 5% raw fenugreek which was not preferred due to its bitterness taste. Furthermore, injera made with 5% raw fenugreek incorporation level showed lower taste perception due to its bitterness. From this study, it can be concluded that 1 to 5% of roasted and malted and 1 to 3% of raw fenugreek incorporation could significantly increases sensory acceptability of injera with improvement of some nutritional contents without any change on the Iron content.
Abstract: Injera is most commonly consumed food in Ethiopia. Traditionally, injera can be made from tef and other cereals. This study was conducted to determine the effect of fenugreek (raw, roasted and germinated) incorporation (1%, 3% and 5%) on nutritional composition, sensory quality and keeping quality of tef injera. Protein content was determined by Kj...
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Maize Production and Food Security in Garu District of Upper East Region, Ghana
Alhassan Bawa,
Denis Asampambila
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
110-116
Received:
1 March 2022
Accepted:
26 May 2022
Published:
15 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.15
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Abstract: Background and Objectives: Agriculture, as the main economic activity in the Garu district, employs over 95 percent of households. Yields of maize in the district are however low, probably as a result of intermittent drought, low soil fertility, diseases and pests infestation, and the use of inappropriate agronomic practices. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of maize production on food security in Garu district of the Upper East region of Ghana. Methodology: The purposive sampling technique was used to select the Garu district out of the thirteen districts in the Upper East region of Ghana. The purposive sampling technique was also used to select 10 maize-farming communities within the Garu district. The stratified sampling technique was used to select respondents from the ten communities, while simple random sampling was used to select Agricultural Extension Agents for the study. A total of 124 respondents were selected for the study. Results: The study showed that over 50% of household members had enough maize to feed on throughout the 12-month period of the year. The research also established that most households made good use of maize as their main diet and nutrition throughout the year. Conclusions: Building the capacities of farmers on good agronomic practices and improved methods of farming should be intensified for increased maize productivity and improved food security. The Department of Agriculture should ensure effective extension services delivery to increase yields of maize from the average of 4-6 100kg bags per acre to 10 bags per acre.
Abstract: Background and Objectives: Agriculture, as the main economic activity in the Garu district, employs over 95 percent of households. Yields of maize in the district are however low, probably as a result of intermittent drought, low soil fertility, diseases and pests infestation, and the use of inappropriate agronomic practices. The objective of the s...
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Assessment of Nutritional Composition, Vitamin C Content and Toxic Heavy Metals Concentration in Some Local Drinks Made in the Northern Part of Nigeria
Jibrin Noah Akoji,
Ovurevu Oyiza Dorcas,
Kusherki Aliyu Ummulsa’ada
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
117-121
Received:
21 June 2022
Accepted:
18 July 2022
Published:
17 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.16
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Abstract: Five different locally prepared drinks (Kunun Acha, Kunun Gyada, Kunun Masara, Kunun Tsamiya, and Kunun Kanwa) were analyzed for proximate content and heavy metals concentration using Association of Official Analytical Chemists method and atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively. The result indicated that moisture, ash, fat, protein and carbohydrate ranges from 81.90 to 94.90, 0.06 to 3.51, 0.05 to 1.32, 0.18 to 1.14, and 10.0 to 15.8 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, vitamins are wthin 0.78 to 21 mg/L, while those of mineral elements are 35.675 to 124.725 mg/L Ca, 0.025 to 2.700 mg/L Cu, 0.350 to 3.700 mg/L Mn, 53.900 to 298.425 mg/L Mg, 4.750 to 99.930 mg/L Fe, and ND to 0.550 mg/L Pb. The locally made Kununn from Masara (maize) recorded the highest value for acceptability of overall moisture content with a better aroma, taste and appearance, while Kununn made from Acha had the highest ash content. Kununn made from kanwa (potash) recorded the highest vitamin content. Kununn made from gyada (groundnut) had the highest fat, carbohydrate and protein contents. Heavy metal concentrations in the local beverages are all within the recommended dietary intake for human, except for Kununn Masara with Pb content of 0.55±0.00 mg/L. Based on this result, the five locally produced Kununn analyzed are adjudged to be good for the human body and can contribute to the growth and stability of the body system. The consumption of Kununn made from masara with lead contaminant of 0.550 mg/L above WHO and NAFDAC recommended limit should be discourage.
Abstract: Five different locally prepared drinks (Kunun Acha, Kunun Gyada, Kunun Masara, Kunun Tsamiya, and Kunun Kanwa) were analyzed for proximate content and heavy metals concentration using Association of Official Analytical Chemists method and atomic absorption spectrophotometer respectively. The result indicated that moisture, ash, fat, protein and car...
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Evaluation and Registration of Introduced Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Varieties in Afar Region, Ethiopia
Megersa Daba Regessa,
Yitages Kuma Beji,
Muluken Demilie Alemu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
122-127
Received:
30 May 2022
Accepted:
28 June 2022
Published:
27 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.scidev.20220303.17
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Abstract: Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is anciently most known cultivated fruit trees. The fruit composed of very nutritive minerals like potassium, calcium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus and magnesium. The tree tolerates relatively harsh climatic and soil conditions under which no other crop may give reasonable returns. In Ethiopia, date palm cultivated and/or wildly grown crop in Afar, Dire Dawa, Somali, Gambella and Benishangul Gumuz regions. However, the yield of local cultivars was too low to meet the sharply increasing demand. Thus, the research has been conducted to evaluate and register the best performing, desirable yield and quality of introduced improved varieties. Fourteen (14) tissue cultured introduced materials from England and Israel were planted at 10 meters spacing between rows and plants over three locations viz. Werer Agricultural Research Center (WARC), Asaiyta and Afambo. Two varieties (Barhee and Medjool) early fruiting type, were individually evaluated out of 12 varieties on the basis of fruit yield for two years at WARC, while vegetative parameters were taken from the rest locations. The study result revealed that, Barhee and Medjool are superior to the local date palm genotypes. Barhee (158.79 kg/tree/year) was superior to Medjool variety (72.16 kg/tree/year) in fruits yield per tree. In conclusion, Barhee and Medjool profitably and sustainability yielding varieties to low land areas of the Afar regions and similar agroecolgy.
Abstract: Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is anciently most known cultivated fruit trees. The fruit composed of very nutritive minerals like potassium, calcium, iron, chlorine, phosphorus and magnesium. The tree tolerates relatively harsh climatic and soil conditions under which no other crop may give reasonable returns. In Ethiopia, date palm cultivated ...
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