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Breakfast Habit and Nutritional Status of Undergraduates in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Oladapo Adenike Adesola,
Roland-Ayodele Motunrayo Ayodeji,
Quadri Jelili Akorede,
Omogbenigun Oluranti
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
252-256
Received:
29 April 2014
Accepted:
17 May 2014
Published:
10 June 2014
Abstract: The study was carried out to assess the breakfast consumption habit and nutritional status of undergraduates in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty students comprising of 186 female and 64 male were randomly selected in two higher institutions. A self administered questionnaire which elicits information on socio-demographic data and breakfast habit of the students was used. Nutrients intake of the respondents was assess using 24 hour dietary recall while the Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to assess the nutritional status of the respondents. The result revealed that 76.2% of the respondents were female while 23.8% were male. Slightly above average (52.8%) were within the age range of 16-20 years while 36.8% received more than ₦10, 000 as feeding allowances. In general, 52% of the students reported not to be taking breakfast on the day of the survey and 40.8% attributed this to insufficient feeding allowances. Nutritional status assessment showed that there was no significant difference (Χ2=4.16; P=0.24) between breakfast skipping and BMI. The 24 hour dietary analysis showed that there was a significant (P<0.05) difference between the mean protein and fat intake of breakfast skippers and eaters. The mean nutrients intake of breakfast skippers and eaters were; energy (2315.4kcal vs 2229.6kcal), protein (52.6g vs 58.4g), fat (42.1g vs 33.0g), carbohydrate (324.3g vs 306.3g), iron (12.4mg vs 12.6mg), and calcium (1106.2mg vs 1157.9mg ). The study concluded majority of the students’ skip breakfast, a reflection of insufficient feeding allowances, busy schedule and weight control measures. The study then recommends that parents should increase the feeding allowances of their children that are in tertiary institutions.
Abstract: The study was carried out to assess the breakfast consumption habit and nutritional status of undergraduates in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Two hundred and fifty students comprising of 186 female and 64 male were randomly selected in two higher institutions. A self administered questionnaire which elicits information on socio-demographic data and breakfa...
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Body Image Perception in Mexican University Athletes VS Non-Athletes
Jesús Enrique Peinado Pérez,
Judith Margarita Rodríguez-Villalobos,
Juan Francisco Aguirre Chávez,
José Leandro Tristán Rodríguez,
Isabel Castillo Fernández
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
257-260
Received:
24 April 2014
Accepted:
6 May 2014
Published:
20 June 2014
Abstract: The objective of this study consisted in determining the differences and similarities among Mexican University students who practice a sport on a regular basis with those who do not do, concerning their body image perception to their actual, ideal, social and body size dissatisfaction. A total sample of 304 male University students, aged 18-29 years participated in this study; 146 of them practice a sport and participate regularly in a tournament or competition. A quantitative approach with a descriptive and transversal survey design was used. All the participants completed the Contour Drawing Rating Scale adapted and computerized by [1]. The results of the one-way multivariate analysis of variance, followed by the one-way univariate analyses of variance, show that university students who don’t participate in a regular sport are the ones who show thicker models for their present, ideal and social figure, in addition to demonstrating higher body size dissatisfaction. Further research should reply these findings in larger samples.
Abstract: The objective of this study consisted in determining the differences and similarities among Mexican University students who practice a sport on a regular basis with those who do not do, concerning their body image perception to their actual, ideal, social and body size dissatisfaction. A total sample of 304 male University students, aged 18-29 year...
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Magnitude and Factors Influencing Unintended Pregnancy among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Wubalem Gebreamlak,
Amanu Aragaw,
Seblewongele Lemma,
Wubante Demilew
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
261-269
Received:
15 May 2014
Accepted:
4 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: Background: Unintended pregnancy is important public health concern both in the developing and developed world that increases maternal morbidity and mortality. The proportion of unintended pregnancies is increasing in Ethiopia; yet the determinants of unwanted and mistimed pregnancy has not been identified clearly. The objectives of this study were to determine magnitude and identify factors associated with unintended pregnancy among currently pregnant women visiting antenatal care clinic, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 454 women attending antenatal care clinic at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital from June to July 2012. Simple random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were collected by trained data collectors using pretested structured questionnaires. Data were checked for completeness, consistency, coded and entered into EPI Info (version 3.5.2) and transferred to SPSS version 16 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was computed to test the strength of association and level of significance. P-value <0.05 was considered as statistical significant. Results: The magnitude of unintended pregnancy was 26.0 % (13.7% mistimed and 12.3% were unwanted). Major reasons mentioned for failure to avoid unintended pregnancy were lack of knowledge, disapproval by husband, and method failure. The study revealed that illiterate women were three times more likely to experience unintended pregnancy compared to those women educated secondary and above (AOR= 3.10, CI: 1.66- 5.78). Likewise, those women who had family size of 3-5 were twice more likely at risk to have unintended pregnancy compared to those who had family size of 1-2 (AOR= 2.19; CI: 1.32- 3.61) and those women who had family size of greater than 5 were nine folds at risk to have unintended pregnancy compared to those who had family size of 1-2 (AOR=8.90; CI: 4.37-18.13). Conclusion: The finding of this study showed that a considerable proportion of women had unintended pregnancy (26%). The study showed that many factors were interwoven to affect the occurrence of the unintended pregnancy. Differences in educational status of women and family size, previous history of unintended pregnancy and male partner awareness on contraceptive utilization were found to be significantly significant with unintended pregnancy. Health promotion messages are needed to focus to improve the knowledge of women about contraceptives as a primary prevention of unplanned pregnancies.
Abstract: Background: Unintended pregnancy is important public health concern both in the developing and developed world that increases maternal morbidity and mortality. The proportion of unintended pregnancies is increasing in Ethiopia; yet the determinants of unwanted and mistimed pregnancy has not been identified clearly. The objectives of this study were...
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Condom Use: Prevalence among Rural and Urban Sexually Active Adolescents in Osun state, Nigeria
Adedayo Olukemi Sabageh,
Adesegun Olayiwola Fatusi,
Donatus Sabageh,
Olaniyan Akintunde Babatunde
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
270-274
Received:
9 June 2014
Accepted:
16 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Today, millions of adolescents are faced with the possibility of being involved in risky sexual behaviours such as unprotected sex, low and inconsistent use of condom and sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. This study determined the prevalence of condom use among rural and urban sexually active adolescents in Osun state. Method: The study was descriptive cross sectional in nature. A total of 800 students were recruited for the study from twelve secondary schools in the state using multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using pre-tested Assisted Self Completion Questionnaires. Ethical approvals were obtained from appropriate authorities. Chi square and logistic regression analyses were done. P value was 0.05. Results: The overall mean age of the respondents was 14.62 years ± 2.39. The mean age at first sex was 14.05 years ± 2.3 years ((13.89 ± 2.3 years for rural and 14.37 ± 2.3 years for urban). One fifth (20.1%) had been involved in sex. Close to half (49.7%) of the sexually experienced respondents had ever used condom; 60.5% were rural while 39.5% were urban respondents. Only 34% of them used condom the first time, half were rural respondents and the other half urban respondents (p = 0.003), the prevalence was higher during the last sex (45.1%). Discussion: Although the prevalence of condom use is low among these adolescents, it was found to be higher among rural respondents. One can also deduce from this study that older adolescents, those in public schools and those residing in rural areas are more likely to use condoms when compared with their counterparts. There is a need to raise awareness of condom use for adolescents who are sexually active especially in the urban areas.
Abstract: Introduction: Today, millions of adolescents are faced with the possibility of being involved in risky sexual behaviours such as unprotected sex, low and inconsistent use of condom and sexually transmitted infections including HIV/AIDS. This study determined the prevalence of condom use among rural and urban sexually active adolescents in Osun stat...
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Appraisal of Social and Health Impact of a Cement Plant at Host Communities in Yandev, Nigeria
Fanan Ujoh,
Frederick Terkuma Ujoh
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
275-283
Received:
28 May 2014
Accepted:
20 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: Nigeria has extensive mineral and natural resources hence, developmental projects are being proposed and executed on a daily basis, many of which involve large-scale alteration of human, animal and plant ecosystems. Limestone mining and cement production commenced in 1980 at the study area, Yandev, without an environmental impact assessment to ascertain the extent of impact these activities could bring to bear on the physical and living conditions of the host environment. This study was carried out to appraise the social and health impact that mining of limestone and production of cement has inflicted on the host communities. Descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to analyse the primary data obtained. A total of 218 responses from 3 sampled (2 host and 1 control) communities, in addition to hospital records from 3 primary health centres, confirm severe health-related impacts of limestone mining and cement production on human populations at the host communities. The study concludes that the environmental compliance status of Dangote Cement Plc, Yandev towards attaining sustainability for the host communities as spelt by the Agenda 21 (Chapter 10, Objectives a & c) is far from meeting the target requirement. The study recommends ameliorative measures including constant fumigation to control the proliferation of vector-based and zoonosis diseases; adoption of improved and cleaner production technologies, and relocation of communities away from the immediate vicinity of the factory.
Abstract: Nigeria has extensive mineral and natural resources hence, developmental projects are being proposed and executed on a daily basis, many of which involve large-scale alteration of human, animal and plant ecosystems. Limestone mining and cement production commenced in 1980 at the study area, Yandev, without an environmental impact assessment to asce...
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Relapsing Fever Outbreak Investigation in Bahir-Dar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Addisu Workineh Kassa,
Amelework Getnet Alene,
Tilahun Belete Mosie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
284-287
Received:
9 June 2014
Accepted:
18 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Ethiopia is the main endemic focus of louse borne relapsing fever. Borrelia recurrentis is the etiologic agent for louse-borne relapsing fever and occurs as epidemic under conditions of poor socio economic status, overcrowding, poverty, draught and famine. Methods: Unmatched community based case control and descriptive cross sectional investigation were conducted. All patients from 15 October-15 November 2012 were included. Sixty eight patients matched with 136 controls that had no previous history of relapsing fever living in the same village. Study was conducted in in households with individuals who go to work on a daily basis and data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Epi-Info version 7.1.0.6.Results: Among all confirmed patients 100% (68), 92.6% (63), 94.1% (64) and 82.3% (56) presented with fever, head ache, chills and vomiting respectively. There was no death during the outbreak. Mean age of respondents was 21 years and their median age was 20 years (SD 7.14). Statistically significant associations were observed between 51 (75%) patients and 27.2% (37) controls who did wash their clothes at least weekly (AOR = 13.23, 95% CI [5.51-31.75]) and 79.4% (54) patients and 64% (87) controls who did not take body bath at least weakly (AOR = 8.01, 95%CI [3.51-18.29]) and the associations were statistically significant. Those not washing clothes and taking baths at least weekly had a 13 and 8 fold likelihood of acquiring relapsing fever compared to those who wash clothes and take baths respectively at least on a weekly basis. Conclusion: Poor personal hygiene was contributed to the outbreak. The outbreak was contained due to prompt interventions taken and strong preventive measures were recommended to prevent emergence of future outbreak of relapsing fever.
Abstract: Introduction: Ethiopia is the main endemic focus of louse borne relapsing fever. Borrelia recurrentis is the etiologic agent for louse-borne relapsing fever and occurs as epidemic under conditions of poor socio economic status, overcrowding, poverty, draught and famine. Methods: Unmatched community based case control and descriptive cross sectional...
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Entamoeba Gingivalis (Gros, 1849) and Trichomonas Tenax (Muller, 1773) Oral Infections in Patients from Baixada Fluminense, Province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Claudia Maria Blanco Moreira Norberg,
Paulo César Ribeiro,
Nathália Satyro-Carvalho,
Fabiano Guerra Sanches,
Raimundo Wilson de Carvalho,
Antonio Neres Norberg
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
288-292
Received:
23 May 2014
Accepted:
22 June 2014
Published:
30 June 2014
Abstract: This paper describes the patterns of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax oral infection within the Baixada Fluminense, neighborship of Rio de Janeiro city, province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, assessed by the number of persons parasitized with or without periodontites, emphasizing the variables: gender, age, pH of the saliva, smoking habit and the total number of teeth in the mouth. The Baixada Fluminense is composed by 13 municipalities in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region and is characterized by economic, social and educational substandards as well as inadequate sewerage, a result of the abandonment of regional public policy. Amoeba infection was common to all individuals, decreasing with age (r2=0.92, p<0.05) in healthy individuals but increasing with age in people with periodontal disease (r2=0.97, p<0.05). Additionally, there was co-infection by amoeba and flagellate protozoa in 51 individuals, and monoparasitism only by amoeba in the remaining 49 patients, 27 in the control group (without periodontitis) and 22 in the case group (with periodontitis). The prevalence of flagellate infection was 51.0% (51 out of the 100 individuals in both groups), unassociated with either group (χ2=0.2, p>0.05) or among genders (χ2= 1.2, p>0.05). The flagellate infection decreased with age in the control group and increased with age in those who were ill. Periodontitis is an important variable to consider in amoeba and flagellate infections as the risk factor increased 13x in older patients, in spite of the non-significant statistical result (p>0.05). Both infections emerged at neutral pH (5.5-7.0). While the healthy group cases of infection reached the prevalence peak at pH 6.5, the case group did so at 6.0, a insignificant difference. Considering only the T. tenax infection, the dental records of the control group registered low absence of teeth, a striking difference from group members with periodontal disease, each of which missed teeth ranging between one and all. Furthermore, E. gingivalis and T. tenax infections increased when there is tooth absence (E. gingivalis rs= 0.97; T. tenax rs= 0.99, p<0.05), indicating a positive correlation between tooth loss and both infections. Out of the 100 examined patients, eighteen (18%) were active smokers and, among them, eight (44%) were T. tenax positive. Although this represents only 8% of the total sample, all of the smokers belonged to the periodontal disease group.
Abstract: This paper describes the patterns of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax oral infection within the Baixada Fluminense, neighborship of Rio de Janeiro city, province of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, assessed by the number of persons parasitized with or without periodontites, emphasizing the variables: gender, age, pH of the saliva, smoking habit an...
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Treatment-Seeking for Convulsions in Preschool Children in Calabar, Nigeria
Ekong Udoh,
Komomo Eyong,
Joseph Okebe,
Uduak Okomo,
Martin Meremikwu
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
293-296
Received:
4 June 2014
Accepted:
24 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: Introduction: Convulsions are the commonest neurological emergencies in preschool children. The outcome of convulsions in this age group is determined by the cause and the treatment-seeking behavior of their caregivers. Objective: To determine the treatment-seeking behavior of caregivers of preschool children with a history of convulsion. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among caregivers of preschool children to identify those with a history of convulsion in the previous 12 months and the immediate treatment response by their caregivers. Results: Caregivers of 632 children were surveyed. Thirty five (5.5%) children had a history of convulsion. Nine caregivers (25.7%) took no action to stop the convulsion, 10 (28.6%) gave herbal concoctions, 12 (34.3%) used medicine available at home from previous illness, 3 (8.6%) tepid sponged the children while 1 (2.8%) gave local enema. Subsequent treatment was sought by 23 (65.7%) caregivers. Of this number, 13 (55.6%) sought care from traditional healers, 5 (21.7%) from primary health centers and the remaining 5 (21.7%)from hospitals. Cost, proximity and perceived quality of care were the main determinants of the choice of facility for subsequent care. Conclusion: Caregivers of preschool children were either passive or took potentially harmful actions in managing childhood convulsions at home. There is need for mass enlightenment programme on appropriate actions regarding childhood convulsion in rural communities.
Abstract: Introduction: Convulsions are the commonest neurological emergencies in preschool children. The outcome of convulsions in this age group is determined by the cause and the treatment-seeking behavior of their caregivers. Objective: To determine the treatment-seeking behavior of caregivers of preschool children with a history of convulsion. Method: A...
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Married Women’s Autonomy and Associated Factors on Modern Contraceptive Use in Adwa Town, Northern Ethiopia
Mussie Alemayehu,
Kiday Hailesellasie,
Gebrezgabiher Biruh,
Gebremedhin Gebrezgabiher,
Fitwi Tinsae,
Abadi Kidanemariam,
Yemane Brhane
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
297-304
Received:
18 June 2014
Accepted:
28 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Women’s autonomy of modern contraceptive use means that those women taking, not taking or even stopping using modern contraceptive by their own decision only. Women’s autonomy in health care decision-making is extremely important for better maternal and child health outcomes. Fertility and contraceptive use in developing countries are associated with various markers of socioeconomic status, most prominent of which is women's autonomy. Women in developing countries, including Ethiopia are either under collective decision making with their partners or completely rely on the male partner’s decision on issues that affect their contraceptive use. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of married women’s autonomy and associated factors for modern contraceptive use in Adwa town, Tigray Region, North Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 7-18, 2012. Three hundred seventy married women were selected using simple random sampling technique. Data were entered, cleaned and analyzed by using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 20.0 (SPSS Illinois, Chicago). Binary descriptive statistics and multiple variable regressions were done. Results: In this study from a total of 370 respondents, 133(35.9%) reported that they had autonomy on modern contraceptive use. Educational status of the women was a strong significant predictor in the women’s autonomy on modern contraceptive use. Moreover, mothers did not know their husband’s attitude towards contraception use (AOR=4.34,95% CI:1.54,12.2), discussed with their husband about the number of children (AOR=0.48,95% CI:0.24,0.96), born two and less children (AOR= 0.14, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.66) and decides their future number of children by themselves (AOR=34.8, 95% CI:12.14,99.7) and by joint decision (AOR=2.5,95% CI:1.04,6.0) were more likely autonomous on modern contraceptive use. Conclusions: The autonomy of married women on modern contraceptive use in this study was low. Having better educational attainment has an input on increase women's autonomy on modern contraceptive use. Women who had power of deciding on the number of child present, number child will have in the future, the number of children born and husband’s attitude toward contraceptive use could influence on autonomy of women on modern contraceptive use.
Abstract: Background: Women’s autonomy of modern contraceptive use means that those women taking, not taking or even stopping using modern contraceptive by their own decision only. Women’s autonomy in health care decision-making is extremely important for better maternal and child health outcomes. Fertility and contraceptive use in developing countries are a...
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Carrying Heavy Backpacks and Handbags Amongst Elementary Students: Causes and Solutions
Hossein Matlabi,
Hamidreza Hamedi Behtash,
Ahmad Rasouli,
Nasrin Osmani
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
305-308
Received:
7 January 2014
Accepted:
30 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: Backpack is the best type of bag for students as the weight of the pack is evenly distributed across the body. But backpacks that are overloaded or not used properly can make health problems. Injuries may occur when a child tries to balance for the extra weight by leaning forward, bending his or her back or leaning to the side. Over time this can cause the shoulders to become rounded and the upper back to become curved. Because of the heavy weight, there's a chance of developing shoulder, neck, and back pain. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of heavy backpacks amongst elementary students. A case study was designed with participation of all students (n=60) from first and fourth grade students. A researcher’s constructed questionnaire was used to gather the required data. The weight of bag, the students’ weight and ratio of load to body weight was measured and then assessed with standards issues. Several interviews were also conducted with teachers to interrogate the reasons of using heavy backpacks and possible solutions. The results showed that 87 % of students carried a weight that is more than 10 percent of their body weight. Interestingly, first grade students’ backpacks were heavier than fourth grade students’ backpacks. It is recommended that the necessary facilities such as locker should be obtained to students in schools.
Abstract: Backpack is the best type of bag for students as the weight of the pack is evenly distributed across the body. But backpacks that are overloaded or not used properly can make health problems. Injuries may occur when a child tries to balance for the extra weight by leaning forward, bending his or her back or leaning to the side. Over time this can c...
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Assessment of Bangladeshi Mothers’ Knowledge and Awareness on Childhood Tuberculosis: A Cross Sectional Study
AKM Fahmidul Haque,
Arif-uz-Zaman Khan,
Begum Lutfunnahar,
Israt Jahan Mukti,
Tasmia Islam,
Shovon Chakma,
Mohammad Abdur Rahim Bhuiyan,
Md. Niajur Rahman
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
309-315
Received:
27 May 2014
Accepted:
24 June 2014
Published:
10 July 2014
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a shocking problem for the least developed and low income country like Bangladesh caused by M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti infection with ID50 1-10. Bangladesh holding the 6th position among the 22 countries with highest TB burden and the incidence per 100,000 people was 220 in 2008. Even there is no estimation on the prevalence of childhood TB and is severely under-diagnosed. A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted to assess the mothers’ knowledge and awareness of TB and Childhood TB during September, 2013 to February, 2014 with the sample size 106. The study population was those, who came to outpatient department of the Bangladesh Government Homeopathic Medical College Hospital with age limit of between 18-35 years for treatment and had at least one child below five years. Among the respondents frustratingly 84% had no idea about childhood TB and they not even concerned about it where some of them said “Babies are the gift of Allah (God) and He has the responsibility to save the baby”. The analysis showed respondents’ with <25 years had more knowledge than >25 years age group (x2=1.91: P-value-0.l67). 55.3% Respondents had no idea about where to diagnose TB and the respondents with high literacy rate had significantly more knowledge about TB and Childhood TB than illiterate (x2=4.050: P-value-0.04). Analysis also showed housewives had relatively poor knowledge about TB and childhood TB (x2=0.0 19; P-value-0.891) and having income >9,000 taka/month had significantly more knowledge about TB and Childhood TB (x2=27.786; P-value-0.00l). The study findings suggested that the strategy of TB control should be more effective and target oriented than the other countries and should make a health intervention policy for Bangladesh to manage the infectious diseases.
Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) is a shocking problem for the least developed and low income country like Bangladesh caused by M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, and M. microti infection with ID50 1-10. Bangladesh holding the 6th position among the 22 countries with highest TB burden and the incidence per 100,000 people was 220 in 2008. Even there is no es...
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Knowledge on Vitamin A Rich Foods among Mothers of Preschool Children in Nepal: Impacts on Public Health and Policy Concerns
Azizur Rahman,
Mahesh Sapkota
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
316-322
Received:
19 June 2014
Accepted:
4 July 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: "This study investigated the association of some socio-demographic, attitude, service availability and info-communication factors with the knowledge on vitamin A rich foods among mothers of preschool children in Nepal with its impacts on public health and policy concerns. The analyses demonstrated that about 71% of mothers were the Hindus ethnic group and 67% lived in nuclear family. A half of the child bearing aged mothers (51%) had higher secondary education with nearly 91% of the mothers were aware of vitamin A rich foods. A majority of mothers (53%) were in workforce and 65% of them had monthly family income above 10,000 Rupees with a good economic status. Almost 91% of the respondents’ mothers grew vitamin A rich foods in their kitchen gardens and took it in their daily meal as diet. An estimate of 93% mothers attendeda health centre with their children during the vitamin A supplementation campaign. About79% mothers reported that they knew about the first visible symptoms of vitamin A deficiency disorder (VADD) and 95% mothers knew about the night blindness. The findings revealed that in Nepal knowledge on vitamin A rich foods among mother’s of pre-school children is widely increasing, and in a particular community VADD has estimated as 9% while at the national level its real magnitude is still high at 24%. When the prevalence of VADD has been in a decreasing trend at local level communities then the overall rate also drops at the national level. Bivariate analysis showed that the three selected factors such as mother’s education levels, mother’s occupations, and monthly family income were significantly and positively associated with the mother’s knowledge on vitamin A rich foods in diet, VADD curable and include green leafy vegetable and yellow fruits in diet.As these significant factors are directly influencing the level of awareness and practice of consuming vitamin A rich foods, efforts from the government and non-government organisations are needed to improve the overall conditions of mothers and allied public policy concerns in Nepal. "
Abstract: "This study investigated the association of some socio-demographic, attitude, service availability and info-communication factors with the knowledge on vitamin A rich foods among mothers of preschool children in Nepal with its impacts on public health and policy concerns. The analyses demonstrated that about 71% of mothers were the Hindus ethnic g...
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Assessment of Informal Settlement and Associated Factors as a Public Health Issue in Bahir Dar City, North West Ethiopia; a Community Based Case Control Study
Getalem Aychew Beyene,
Yenew Amsal Dessie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
323-329
Received:
2 June 2014
Accepted:
30 June 2014
Published:
20 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Informal settlements are housing units that are constructed without compliance of current planning and building regulations. This kind of settlement has become a common practice in recent years in Bahir Dar. Inhabitants who live in these unplanned housing units are often exposed to health risks associated with environmental problems. The objective of this study was to assess the existence of illnesses by infectious diseases associated to informal settlements and exploring associated risk factors in Bahir Dar city. Methods: unmatched case-control quantitative study complemented with qualitative exploration was conducted in Bahir Dar city, from 1 June-31 September 2011. A total of 555 households (185 informal and 370 formal households) were selected by systematic random sampling technique proportional to the number of households in respective sub cities. Pre tested semi structured questionnaire and observation checklist were used to collect the data. Data were coded, entered and cleaned using epidemiological information version 3.3.2, and analyzed by SPSS version 15. Results: As a result, existence of illness by infectious diseases among informally established housing units was found to be 39.5% compared to 10.8% among formally established housing units. The likelihood of establishing informal houses is associated with socio-economic and demographic factors such as respondents’ age [AOR= 2.78, 95%CI; 1.34-5.68], education [AOR=9.28, 95%CI: 3.24-26.57], occupation [AOR=2.47, 95%CI: 1.08-5.66], and average monthly income [AOR= 2.58, 95%CI: 1.57-4.23]. Conclusion: The prevalence of illness among informally established housing units were more than formally established housing units. Diarrheal diseases, malaria, typhoid and typhus were the most infectious diseases found to be prevalent in informally established housing units, so that expansions of income generating activities and taking corrective measures to minimize the adverse effects of environmental problems on health status of the people are recommended.
Abstract: Background: Informal settlements are housing units that are constructed without compliance of current planning and building regulations. This kind of settlement has become a common practice in recent years in Bahir Dar. Inhabitants who live in these unplanned housing units are often exposed to health risks associated with environmental problems. Th...
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Assessment of Exclusive Breast Feeding Practice and Associated Factors in Mecha District, North West Ethiopia
Tesfa Getanew Woldie,
Addisu Workineh Kassa,
Melkie Edris
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
330-336
Received:
29 June 2014
Accepted:
16 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Introduction: It is realistic that Exclusive breast feeding can significantly reduce the burden of under-five death. About 41% of global under five deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) mainly due to inadequate breastfeeding practices in combination with high levels of disease. Despite the universal practice of breastfeeding, most women do not practice exclusive breast feeding in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross sectional study was conducted. A total of 819 mothers with 6-12 month aged infants were included in the study. All mothers from randomly selected kebeles were included in the study through cluster sampling technique in Mecha District, Amhara Region in April 2012. Structured interview was conducted in data collection. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data with 95% CI. Results: The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding (EBF) was 47.13% (95% CI; 43.7% - 50.56%). Mothers who reported having 3 and more antenatal visit during pregnancy (AOR=1.7; 95% CI:1.09 – 2.67) ,who got PNC counseling on infant feeding (AOR=2.27; 95% CI: 1.56-3.30),who initiated breast feeding(BF) immediately after birth with in the first one hour (AOR=2.98;95% CI:2.11-4.22) and who have adequate knowledge on BF(AOR=2.06;95% CI:1.47-2.88) were more likely to exclusively breastfeed than their counterparts. Mothers from urban areas were less likely to exclusive breast fed than rural mothers (AOR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.23-0.62). Conclusions: The prevalence of exclusive breast feeding in the study area was below the WHO recommended level 90%. Residence, three and above ANC visit, NC counseling on infant feeding, immediate initiation of breast feeding (BF) within an hour, maternal knowledge of BF were found to be associated with EBF practice. Strengthening ANC and PNC service, educate pregnant mothers on immediate BF initiation, counseling mothers on infant feeding during PNC, prioritizing urban areas for BF promotion in line with newly launched UHEP and other promotional efforts to improve maternal BF knowledge are recommended.
Abstract: Introduction: It is realistic that Exclusive breast feeding can significantly reduce the burden of under-five death. About 41% of global under five deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) mainly due to inadequate breastfeeding practices in combination with high levels of disease. Despite the universal practice of breastfeeding, most women do not p...
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The Effect of Rehabilitation Education Program on Family Caregivers of Stroke Patients
Bum-Chul Jung,
Hyun-Joo Kim
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
337-341
Received:
30 June 2014
Accepted:
16 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a rehabilitation education Program for family caregivers of stroke patients and to analyze the effects of their depression and burden. Subjects were recruited in R hospital, located in Gyeonggi-do and the period of the study was from April of 2013 to May of 2013. The subject pool was composed of 32 caregivers. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the experimental or nonintervention control conditions with equal number. Control group was taken conventional physical therapy and experimental group was taken conventional physical therapy with rehabilitation education program. Data was analyzed by Chi-square tests, t-tests and paired t-tests using PASW 18.0. This study shows the following results. First, the results showed that the total score of depression decreased significantly after the rehabilitation education program. Second, the results showed that the total score of burden after rehabilitation education Program decreased significantly. The finding indicates that rehabilitation education program for family with CVA patients was effective for reducing depression and burden. In this study, rehabilitation education program showed more effective and significant impact on reducing depression and burden of family caregivers with stroke patients. Especially, the conventional physical therapy with rehabilitation education program is considered as a more effective method than the therapy without rehabilitation education program.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a rehabilitation education Program for family caregivers of stroke patients and to analyze the effects of their depression and burden. Subjects were recruited in R hospital, located in Gyeonggi-do and the period of the study was from April of 2013 to May of 2013. The subject pool was compo...
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Assessment of Fully Vaccination Coverage and Associated Factors among Children Aged 12-23 Months in Mecha District, North West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
342-348
Received:
3 July 2014
Accepted:
18 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Background: About 85% of the world's children under one year of age have received life-saving vaccines. An estimated 1.7 million children died in 2008 from vaccine-preventable diseases and in 2011, only 24% of the children were fully vaccinated. Objectives: To assess fully vaccination coverage and associated factors among children aged 12–23 months in Mecha district. Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted in 8 rural and 1 urban kebeles from April to October, 2013. A systematic sampling method was used for sample selection. Data were collected on 497 children aged 12–23 months from 497 representative households were collected using trained nurses. The data collectors assessed collected the vaccination status of the children based on vaccination cards or mother’s verbal reports using a pre-tested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire through house-to-house visits. Data were coded and entered into SPSS 20.0 versions. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess factors associated with vaccination status of children.Those predictor variables with p-value < 0.05 were considered significantly associated with the outcome variable. Results: About 49.3 % of children aged 12–23 months were fully vaccinated by card and mother’s recall, and 1.6% children were not started vaccination. Using multivariate logistic regression models, factors significantly associated with fully vaccination were urban residence (AOR :2.401, 95% CI:1.011,5.705), mothers who have good knowledge on vaccination (AOR: 2.131, 95% CI:1.076, 4.217), taking the child to health institution during illness in the first year of life (AOR: 2.147 , 95% CI: 1.275, 3.615) ,institutional delivery (AOR :1.593 , 95% CI :1.037,2.445) and complete primary & above education of father of the child( AOR:1.814, 95% CI:1.008,3.265). Conclusion and recommendation: Complete vaccination coverage among children aged 12–23 months remains very low in the district. Health institution delivery , urban residence, mother's knowledge on vaccination and father complete primary and above level of education were found to be independent factors for fully child vaccination status of children in the district. Therefore both HEWs and other staff members of health centres should be improve awareness of the people by designing proper health education targeting the mother on vaccination.
Abstract: Background: About 85% of the world's children under one year of age have received life-saving vaccines. An estimated 1.7 million children died in 2008 from vaccine-preventable diseases and in 2011, only 24% of the children were fully vaccinated. Objectives: To assess fully vaccination coverage and associated factors among children aged 12–23 months...
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Acceptance of Long Acting Contraceptive Methods and Associated Factors among Women in Mekelle City, Northern Ethiopia
Hailay Gebremichael,
Fisaha Haile,
Awrajaw Dessie,
Alula Birhane,
Mussie Alemayehu,
Henock Yebyo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
349-355
Received:
7 July 2014
Accepted:
18 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Long acting reversible contraceptives are family planning methods that prevent unwanted pregnancy for at least three years and when removed return of fertility is prompt. It includes the intrauterine device and contraceptive implants. Despite the effectiveness and reversibility of fertility, the acceptance and utilization of long acting reversible contraceptive were very low in many developing countries including Ethiopia. Even though the optimal use of long-acting reversible contraception is a good strategy for reducing unintended pregnancy, acceptability to long acting reversible contraceptive is fundamental to effective and continuous use. Objective: This study was aimed to assess the acceptance of long acting reversible contraceptive methods and factors associated with it among women of reproductive age. Methods: An institution based cross sectional study was conducted from February to march 2013. Among 348 family planning users and systematic sampling method was used to select the study participants. Interviewer administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Bivariate analysis was employed to determine predictors of acceptability of long acting contraceptives and variables which were found to be significant at P - values < 0.05 in bivariate analysis were taken to multivariate logistic regression to see the independent effects of the factors on the acceptability of long acting contraceptives. Result: The acceptability of long acting reversible contraceptive was 16.4%. The main reasons mentioned for not accepting long acting reversible contraceptive was developing side effects 128 (44.8%), and fear of infertility after use 117(40.9%). More than half 181 (52.9%) of the women had a non-supportive attitude towards long acting contraceptives. Mothers who had a supportive attitude towards long acting reversible contraceptive was the only independent predictors of acceptability of long acting contraceptive (AOR=2, 95% CI (1.084, 3.75). Conclusions: The acceptance of long acting reversible contraceptives was very low. Supportive attitude towards long acting contraceptives was the only factors that affect acceptance of long acting contraceptive.
Abstract: Background: Long acting reversible contraceptives are family planning methods that prevent unwanted pregnancy for at least three years and when removed return of fertility is prompt. It includes the intrauterine device and contraceptive implants. Despite the effectiveness and reversibility of fertility, the acceptance and utilization of long acting...
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Evaluation of the National Eye Care Coordination Programme in Zambia
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
356-360
Received:
18 June 2014
Accepted:
12 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: In 2008, an evaluation of the National Eye Care Coordination programme in Zambia was undertaken, after just over 1 year of its existence. The evaluation was undertaken to assess the performance of the programme since it was created as a stand-alone project from its previous operation in the integrated system. Integrating health services has become a common term especially in developing countries where it is believed that bundling together of resources (financial and human resources) is more effective and resource conserving. The evaluation, of the Eye Care Programme in Zambia after turning it into a stand-alone programme shows results that can be compared to the time it was in an integrated system.
Abstract: In 2008, an evaluation of the National Eye Care Coordination programme in Zambia was undertaken, after just over 1 year of its existence. The evaluation was undertaken to assess the performance of the programme since it was created as a stand-alone project from its previous operation in the integrated system. Integrating health services has become ...
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Body Composition of Adults Living with HIV in Two Cities in Ghana
Theodosia Adom,
Rose Boatin,
David Bansa,
Godfred Egbi,
Isaac Baidoo,
Dominic Datohe,
Christian Brown-Appiah
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
361-366
Received:
20 June 2014
Accepted:
7 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affects nutrition through increases in resting energy expenditure, reduction in food intake, nutrient malabsorption and loss, and complex metabolic alterations that culminates in weight loss and wasting common in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This study sought to assess body composition of adults living with HIV. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 63 adults living with HIV in two cities in Ghana. Socio-demographic information was obtained with a questionnaire. Body composition was measured with the deuterium dilution method and with anthropometry. Data analysis was done by SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics and frequencies and percentages were calculated. The independent sample t-test was used for comparisons between groups. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results: Median (interquartile range) body mass index was within normal for both males (20.6, [18.9, 21.6 kg/m2]) and females (21.6; [19.8, 24.9 kg/m2]). Underweight (7.9%) and overweight (19.0%) were however prevalent. Males have significantly higher median fat free mass than females (52.7 kg versus 40.1 kg; p<0.0001) kg whereas females have a significantly higher fat mass (27.5% versus 12.2%; p<0.0001), and high abdominal obesity (49.0%). Almost 21% and 8% of participants have depleted fat free mass and fat mass respectively. Conclusion: The study demonstrates some level of malnutrition among the study participants. This underscores the importance of monitoring body composition in people living with HIV. Measurements of waist and hip circumferences should form part of the assessment tools. This will help in identifying those on antiretroviral treatment that are at risk of developing abdominal obesity and thereby supporting the need for modifying treatment regimens when necessary. In addition, regular screening for hypertension, diabetes and other indicators of metabolic abnormalities is recommended.
Abstract: Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection affects nutrition through increases in resting energy expenditure, reduction in food intake, nutrient malabsorption and loss, and complex metabolic alterations that culminates in weight loss and wasting common in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. This study sought to assess body compositio...
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Factors Associated with Adherence of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy among Adult HIV/AIDS Patients in Mekelle Hospital Northern Ethiopia
Kiday Hailasillassie,
Belachew Etana,
Mussie Alemayehu,
Girmatsion Fisseha
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 4, July 2014
Pages:
367-372
Received:
7 July 2014
Accepted:
23 July 2014
Published:
30 July 2014
Abstract: Background: Drug adherence is the most important in progression of disease among HIV positive individuals under antiretroviral treatment. Besides, it is the main factor for survival. So the objective was to assess factors association with adherence of ART among adult people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among adult PLWHA attending HAART at Mekelle Hospital during June 2012. A total of 422 participants were recruited by systemic random sampling by daily patient load of ART clinic. Standard questionnaire was used to collect data after we pre-tested. The data was entered in to a computer by Epi-data 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS 20. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were done to determine factors associated with drug adherence. Odds ratio with their 95% confidence intervals and p-values less than 0.05 was considered as statistically significant association. Result: a total 403 people living on with HIV/AIDS were responded to the study with 95% response rate. The mean age of participants was 38.44 years and on average they were on ART for 3 years and 5 months on ART. A total adherence level was 63.4% and HIV positive who had their own income (2.1 95% CI: 1.2, 3.9), urban residence (2.3 95% CI: 1.2, 4.5) and being diagnosed in Mekelle Hospital (1.8 95% CI: 1.2, 2.9) were independently predicts HAART adherence. Conclusion: Drug adherence level was very low in Mekelle hospital and patients place of residence, economic status and being diagnosed in Mekelle hospital were independent predictors for adherence. So, awareness creation for rural residence and income generation method should be created to increase adherence level.
Abstract: Background: Drug adherence is the most important in progression of disease among HIV positive individuals under antiretroviral treatment. Besides, it is the main factor for survival. So the objective was to assess factors association with adherence of ART among adult people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out amon...
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