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Situational Diagnosis of Mental and Functional Areas of Community-Dwelling Adults
Veronica Benavides Pando,
Martha Ornelas Contreras,
Jose Rene Blanco Ornelas,
Juan Francisco Aguirre Chavez,
Maria Del Carmen Zueck Enriquez
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
1-5
Received:
31 October 2014
Accepted:
6 December 2014
Published:
16 December 2014
Abstract: A situational analysis of issues related to mental and functional areas of elderly residents of permanent stay of the city of Chihuahua was performed. It participated in the study 51 subjects, 30 women and 21 men, a battery of three scales were applied to assess cognitive aspects, emotional aspects and indicators related to the ability to perform activities of daily living of the elderly participants. The results obtained and the conclusions derived there from highlight the need for a systematic assessment in the halls of permanent residence and the urge to start a physical activation program that emphasizes directly in recovery motor independence and indirectly increasing in activities of group living in such a way that allows seniors Community-Dwelling enhance your ability to perform activities of daily life and reduce the burden on their caregivers.
Abstract: A situational analysis of issues related to mental and functional areas of elderly residents of permanent stay of the city of Chihuahua was performed. It participated in the study 51 subjects, 30 women and 21 men, a battery of three scales were applied to assess cognitive aspects, emotional aspects and indicators related to the ability to perform a...
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Home Delivery in Arbaminch Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia: Community Based Cross Sectional Study
Gistane Ayele,
Maralign Tilahune,
Behailu Merdikyos,
Worku Animaw,
Wondimagegn Taye
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
6-9
Received:
12 November 2014
Accepted:
28 November 2014
Published:
16 December 2014
Abstract: Background፡ Maternal morbidity and mortality is a global health challenge and developing countries contribute about 99% of maternal death. In Ethiopia about 30% of all women death is related to pregnancy related causes and current maternal mortality ratio is 676 per 100,000 live births. However, a large proportion of these maternal deaths could be prevented through timely and appropriate interventions including the presence of skilled delivery service utilization at each birth. Therefore the aim of this study was to assess prevalence and associated factors of home delivery at Arbaminch zuria district. Method: A community based cross-sectional study design was applied from July 1st to July 30 2012 to collect data from reproductive age women who gave birth in the last 2 years in Arbaminch zuria district who was sampled by systematic random sampling method. A single population proportion formula was used to estimate the sample size by using statistical software EPI info 3.5.4 by considering the assumption that the prevalence of home delivery 81.8%, 95% confidence interval, 5% of absolute precision, design effect 2 then adding non response rate of 5% a total sample size of 481 mother who gave birth in the last two years. The data was entered into EPI info version 3.5.4 and exported into SPSS then analysis was made by using SPSS version 16. Descriptive statistics to describe the study population in relation to relevant variables and multivariate analysis was used to assess the presence and degree of association between home delivery and independent variables. Result: Of the total respondents 157(36%) of the women was age in between 25-29 years, with mean age of 31.4±6.2 years and majority was married and illiterate 396(90.8%) and 234(53.6%)respectively. 346(79.4%) was gave birth at home with unskilled attendants 328(75.2%).Mothers educational status(p< 0.001), parity of the women(p<0.001),and travel time to health facility(p<0.001) was statistically significant association with home delivery. Conclusion: As revealed by this study home delivery attended by un trained personnel was high (75.2%) and the predominant factors associated with home delivery identified by this study were educational status of the women, parity of the women and travel time to health institution.
Abstract: Background፡ Maternal morbidity and mortality is a global health challenge and developing countries contribute about 99% of maternal death. In Ethiopia about 30% of all women death is related to pregnancy related causes and current maternal mortality ratio is 676 per 100,000 live births. However, a large proportion of these maternal deaths could be ...
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Assessment of Time of Sexual Initiation and Its Associated Factors among Students in Northwest Ethiopia
Habtamu Mellie Bizuayehu,
Direslgne Misker Abyu,
Hailu Fekadu Demessie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
10-18
Received:
5 December 2014
Accepted:
17 December 2014
Published:
27 December 2014
Abstract: Introduction: As many evidences showed, commencing sex at younger age was risk for acquiring HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and of experiencing unplanned Pregnancy due to practicing of it without plan/ not using protective materials. In North East Ethiopia, of half (51.3%) of youths initiated sex at median age of 17 years, 39.1% of them were practicing without plan, three quarter (73.1%) were not discussing about contraception and half of them were having more than one sexual partner. In northwest Ethiopian students, the prevalence of HIV infection, and other STIs was 1.1%, and 10.7% respectively and a quarter (24.3%) of students was experiencing pregnancy that was ended with abortion (89%). In parallel, about half of students in similar area was commencing sex at mean age of about 17 years and about half (47.2%) students were having more than one sexual partner though less than half (45.2%) of them were using condom during sexual practice. In the presence of earlier sexual onset and its consequences, there is no prior local evidence. Therefore the current study is aimed to calculate time of sexual debut and to determine its associated factors. Methodology: The study was conducted among 326 systematically selected day time regular Debre Markos preparatory (grade 11-12th) students. Data was collected by pretested Amharic (local language) version self-administered questionnaire. A coded questionnaire was entered by EpiData version 3.1 and analyzed by SPSS version 20. Time of sexual onset was estimated using the actuarial life table and Kaplan Meier survival. Log rank test was used to compare age of sexual debut across categories of categorical variable. Cox proportional-hazard model was used to calculate hazard rate and to determine independent predictors of outcome. Result: Above one third (37.7%) participants were commencing sex. The median time of sexual initiation was 16 years. Of those beginning sex, about 40.7% were not using condom during sex. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, predictors that are risk for younger age sexual onset were being female, rural resident, smoker, alcohol drinker, and watching pornography movies. Thus organizations working on school youths should further work to enhance age of sexual onset by giving especial attention for risk groups.
Abstract: Introduction: As many evidences showed, commencing sex at younger age was risk for acquiring HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and of experiencing unplanned Pregnancy due to practicing of it without plan/ not using protective materials. In North East Ethiopia, of half (51.3%) of youths initiated sex...
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The Sensitivity and Specificity of Mid-Upper Arm Circumference Compared to Body Mass Index in Screening Malnutrition of Adult HIV Patients taking ART; Evidence from Selected Facilities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Tesfaye Abrhame,
Jemal Haidar
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
19-24
Received:
29 May 2014
Accepted:
12 August 2014
Published:
29 December 2014
Abstract: Introduction: For nutritional assessment of HIV-positive adults and adolescents, it is recommended to take Weight, Height and MUAC (for pregnant and lactating women and/or adults who cannot stand straight) in every contact, such measurements increase the waiting time and inconvenience(1). So that a simple and yet useful anthropometric measurement is needed to screen malnutrition for an immediate nutrition support in developing countries. Objective: To assess the sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) in detecting under nutrition of adult people with HIV who have a follow up at ART clinic. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July 2013 among adults with HIV (PLHIV), who have follow-up in three selected Governmental Hospitals of Addis Ababa city administration. A total of 594 study subjects were selected using a multi stage cluster sampling technique. MUAC, Height and weight were measured for all subjects and BMI was calculated as Wt/Ht2. Receivers operating characteristic curve analyses were undertaken to discover the most suitable cut-off values of MUAC for both Men and Women. Results: The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (CED) based on BMI (BMI <18.5) was 39.4% for males and 24.21% for females, while based on MUAC <230 mm for male was 48.4% and < 220 mm for female was 35.7%. The sensitivity and specificity of MUAC for Female with optimal criteria of ≤224 for females were 92.86 and 87.07, whereas for Males MUAC with optimal criteria of ≤234 were 94.85 and 68.46, respectively. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.93 (p<0.001). A MUAC value of ≤239mm was identified as the best cut off-points to identify CED (BMI <18.5) with SN and SP of 96.43% and 72.62%, respectively. The PPV was 56.6(95%CI=89.9 to 99.3) with the highest NPV 98.2 (95%CI=66.8 to 77.9), thus having the highest Youden Index of 0.21. A MUAC value of ≤242mm was identified as the best cut off point to identify CED (BMI <18.5) with SN and SP of 96.91% and 58.39%, respectively. The PPV was 46.3(95%CI=91.2 to 99.4) with the highest NPV 98.1 (95%CI=50.0 to 66.4), thus having the highest Youden Index of 0.32. Conclusion: a MUAC value of close to 242 mm for male and 239mm for female seemed to be appropriate as a simple and efficient cut-off point for the determination of under nutrition in adult PLHIV.
Abstract: Introduction: For nutritional assessment of HIV-positive adults and adolescents, it is recommended to take Weight, Height and MUAC (for pregnant and lactating women and/or adults who cannot stand straight) in every contact, such measurements increase the waiting time and inconvenience(1). So that a simple and yet useful anthropometric measurement ...
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Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Type and Outcome of Stroke in Health Care Facilities of Lomé, Togo: A Prospective Study
Komi Assogba,
Mofou Belo,
Ekué A. Folly,
Kossivi M. Apetsè,
Damelan Kombaté,
Koumavi D. Ekouévi,
Koffi A. A. Balogou,
Eric K. Grunitzky
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
25-30
Received:
10 December 2014
Accepted:
23 December 2014
Published:
4 January 2015
Abstract: Background: Stroke is the leading cause of permanent disability acquired in the world. Aim: To study the epidemiological indices, risk factors and outcome of stroke. Subjects and Methods: It was a prospective study to collect epidemiological data, clinical presentation and outcome of stroke patients in 28 public and private health facilities in our largest health region. It had covered the period from January to December 2013. Results: A total of 43,558 inpatients were enrolled. Among them, 986 patients had a stroke which frequency was 2.26 %. The incidence rate has been estimated to 79.58/ 100,000 inhabitants/year. Male subjects were observed in 50.8% and 49.2% of females. The mean age was 59 ± 13.2 years. Concerning the stroke subtype, ischemic stroke was found with 54.9% and 45.1% of hemorrhagic including 10.8 % of subarachnoid hemorrhage. The traditional main risk factors were hypertension (87.3 %) and diabetes (17.5 %). The mean time of admission was 55 ± 20.75 hours. The average time before beginning first care was 56 ± 20.74 hours. Only 44% of patients had received first aids within 24 hours. The average length of stay was 17 ± 8.5 days. The mean modified Rankin scale score at the exit time was 2.3 ± 0.8. At discharge, 58.9% of patient had partial motor deficits and 27.5% of them died. Conclusion: A good knowledge of risk factors and early signs of stroke by the population will reduce stroke mortality and its functional sequel. All these lacks of assessment increase the delay in the management of patient and lead to permanent deficits.
Abstract: Background: Stroke is the leading cause of permanent disability acquired in the world. Aim: To study the epidemiological indices, risk factors and outcome of stroke. Subjects and Methods: It was a prospective study to collect epidemiological data, clinical presentation and outcome of stroke patients in 28 public and private health facilities in our...
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Performance of SO Bioline FK80 Test Kit in Diagnosis of Malaria at Adama Malaria Center, Southeast Oromia, Ethiopia
Sena Bayisa,
Tadesse Kebede,
Gessessew Bugssa,
Megbaru Alemu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
31-36
Received:
20 December 2014
Accepted:
4 January 2015
Published:
12 January 2015
Abstract: Background: The use of RDT (Rapid diagnostic tests) for malaria offers the potential to extend accurate malaria diagnosis to areas where microscopy services are not available. Objective: To evaluate the performance of SD FK80 test kit for the diagnosis of malaria and assess the trend of malaria transmission in Adama Malaria Center, southeast Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the performance of SD FK80 kit for malaria (P.falciparum/P.vavix) diagnosis November to December 2012 at Adama Malaria Center, Southeastern Oromia. Three hundred eighty four blood samples were collected from febrile patients attending the outpatient department of Adama Malaria Center during the study period. The blood samples were analyzed with microscopy and RDT (SD Bioline P.falciparum /P.vivax) for the detection and identification of Plasmodium parasites. The data was entered into Microsoft® Excel and was transported to SPSS version 17.0 for statistical analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the tests was calculated using microscopy as the reference standard. Result: Among the examined individuals, 107(27.9%) were found to be positive for plasmodium infection of which 23.7% were infected with P.vavix, and 3.9% were infected with P.falciparum while 0.3% were mixed infections The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of the SD Bioline were 90.7%, 96%, 89.8%, and 96.4%, respectively taking blood film as a gold standard. SD Bioline FK80 P.falciparum/P.vivax was performed satisfactorily for the diagnosis of P.falciparum and P.vivax infections. Conclusion: Based on our finding, Rapid test kit is satisfactory for diagnosis of P.falciparum and P.vivax infections. It is a useful adjunct to microscopy especially in our country where there is limited man power and resource.
Abstract: Background: The use of RDT (Rapid diagnostic tests) for malaria offers the potential to extend accurate malaria diagnosis to areas where microscopy services are not available. Objective: To evaluate the performance of SD FK80 test kit for the diagnosis of malaria and assess the trend of malaria transmission in Adama Malaria Center, southeast Ethiop...
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Community Risk Perception on Healthcare Wastes in Hospitals and Health Centres of Eastern Ethiopia
Tadesse Alemayehu,
Alemayehu Worku,
Nega Assefa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
37-43
Received:
27 November 2014
Accepted:
9 December 2014
Published:
14 January 2015
Abstract: Background: Indiscriminate waste disposal by many healthcare facilities pose serious health hazard to the inhabitants in general and people living around health care facilities in particular. Human scavengers collecting second hand objects for reselling could be a channel for speading disease causing organisms. In addition, burning of wastes in small size incinerator at a low temperature releases many toxic gases causing health effects for people living around the facilities. The objective of the study was to assess risk perception of people living around health facilities about healthcare wastes. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted on 438 people in the eastern part of Ethiopia, from August to November 2013. Samples were taken by proportionate allocation to the size of people living within one km radius of 25 health facilities. Questionnaire was administered by a face-to-face interview. Risk perception was classified using a three-point Likert scale from low to high risk. Data were analyzed using STATA software. Bivariate and multi-variable analyses were carried out to determine correlates of risk perception. Result: The magnitude of risk perception for sharp, infectious/pathological wastes and expired drugs was 87%, 93.6%, and 73.1%, respectively. Individuals from urban areas have about 3 times higher odds of increased perceived risk than from rural areas (AOR = 3.02, 95% CI: 1.08-4.32, P = 0.006). On the other hand, people living around the hospitals have 2.5 times higher odds of increased perceived risk than those people living near to health centers (AOR = 2.45, 95% CI : 0.19 - 3.04, P = 0.000). Conclusion and recommendation: People involved in this study have high perceived risk for hazardous (infectious and sharp) wastes which might be due to indiscriminate discharges of wastes by the nearby health facilities. It is therefore advisable to dispose wastes in a proper manner in order to minimize public concern.
Abstract: Background: Indiscriminate waste disposal by many healthcare facilities pose serious health hazard to the inhabitants in general and people living around health care facilities in particular. Human scavengers collecting second hand objects for reselling could be a channel for speading disease causing organisms. In addition, burning of wastes in sma...
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Comparative Study on Health Care System between Myanmar and China According to World Health Organization (WHO)’s Basic Health Blocks
May Kyi Lwin,
Mingjiang Xu,
Xinhua Zhang
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
44-49
Received:
20 December 2014
Accepted:
5 January 2015
Published:
14 January 2015
Abstract: To compare the health system between Myanmar and China’s health system as the following ways- WHO describes these functions in terms of six components or building blocks: 1.services delivery, 2.health workforce, 3.health information, 4.access to essential medicines 5.health financing, 6.leadership or government. Data were collected publicly set of World Health Organization (WHO), World Bank, statistically year books, publicly available reports, documents and published medical literatures. Descriptive and comparative approaches were used. Myanmar health system is mixed with public and private system. Not like Myanmar, China mainly depends on public system. Hospital beds of Myanmar are lower than China and could not cover the total population. Both countries have mal distribution of health workforce because of hard to reach areas, rural and remote areas, low incentive and deficiency of basic facilities. The scope and quality of health information of Myanmar has some limitations and for China is improve quickly with new technologies. Accessing of essential medicines availability and affordability need to be improved in both countries. Myanmar government could not put investment as much as China. The government of both countries should have more effort to get their goals of health system. Both of health system should learn from each other and from other countries to perform the better health success.
Abstract: To compare the health system between Myanmar and China’s health system as the following ways- WHO describes these functions in terms of six components or building blocks: 1.services delivery, 2.health workforce, 3.health information, 4.access to essential medicines 5.health financing, 6.leadership or government. Data were collected publicly set of ...
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Unwanted Pregnancy and Associated Factors among Female Students of Madawalabu University Bale Zone, Oromia Region South East, Ethiopia
Motuma Getachew Erena,
Amene Abebe Kerbo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
50-55
Received:
1 September 2014
Accepted:
16 September 2014
Published:
23 January 2015
Abstract: Globally as well as in the developing world unintended pregnancies are among the major social and health problems. In Ethiopia, 54% of pregnancies to girls under age 15 are unwanted. In some countries where accesses to safe and legal abortion services are restricted, unsafe abortion is the cause for more than 30% of maternal deaths. The aim of this study was to assess factors associated with unwanted pregnancy among female students of Madawalabu University from 01- 21, March 2014. A cross sectional study was conducted among 814 female students of Madawalabu university drawn randomly from 6 selected schools in 01- 21, March 2014. Self administered questionnaire, adapted from previous relevant studies was used to assess Factors associated with unwanted pregnancy among female students of Madawalabu University. Data was entered, cleaned and then analyzed using Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models. A total of 814 female students responded to the questionnaire adequately making the response rate of 96%. The mean age of study participants was 20.74 years with standard deviation of 1.47. The overall prevalence of unwanted pregnancy among those who ever had sexual intercourse was 8.1% and among all study participants it was 32.4%. Ever hearing about family planning, consistent use of family planning in the last twelve months, and drinking alcohol in the last one week were among significantly associated with unwanted pregnancy Thus, Madawalabu University HIV/AIDS prevention and control office and other stakeholders are recommended to promote extensively family planning utilization to avoid unwanted pregnancies.
Abstract: Globally as well as in the developing world unintended pregnancies are among the major social and health problems. In Ethiopia, 54% of pregnancies to girls under age 15 are unwanted. In some countries where accesses to safe and legal abortion services are restricted, unsafe abortion is the cause for more than 30% of maternal deaths. The aim of this...
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A Survey of Intestinal Parasitic Infections among Dega Ochollo Primary School Children, Ochollo, South Ethiopia
Gessessew Bugssa,
Berhe Dessalegn,
Megbaru Alemu,
Haile Desta,
Tensay Kahsay
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
56-60
Received:
25 December 2014
Accepted:
12 January 2015
Published:
26 January 2015
Abstract: Background: Intestinal parasitic infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries especially among pediatric. Objective: To determine the prevalence of S.mansoni and soil transmitted helminthes among Ochollo primary school students, Ochollo, southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed to assess the prevalence of S.mansoni and soil transmitted helminthes in the study area. The study was conducted between December 2011 and April 2012 in Dega Ochollo complete primary school. A convenient sampling method was employed and a total of 600 students were sampled for the study. Sociodemographic information data such as age, sex, place of birth, educational level and other information was collected from the study participants. Besides, stool specimen was collected from each school children for parasitological examination. Normal saline and Formol ether concentration techniques were used to examine the stool specimen. Data were entered using Epi Info version 3.0 and exported to SPSS version16.0 software package for statistical analysis. Result: Sociodemographic data showed that out of the 600 students sampled, 523 students had participated in the study. Of which, 272 were males and 251 were females. The mean age for the students was recorded to be 11.36 + 2.96 years. Microscopic stool examination showed an overall prevalence of intestinal parasites to be 56.8%. Out of the positive cases, 148 (49.8%) were males; whereas 149 (50.2%) were females. It was also found that 139 (26.57%) of students which belonged to the age group 10 years old or less were positive for at least one intestinal parasite. Among the intestinal helminthes, A.lumbricoides was the predominant parasite (42.1%) followed by T.trichuria (31.0%), Hook worm (3.6%) and H.nana(1.0%), respectively. According to the findings of the study, the prevalence of A.lumbricoides and T.trihuria was higher among the female study subjects than their counter parts. Single, double, triple as well as quadriple infections with intestinal parasites were also found among the school children. Based on the study, majority (37.28%) of the study population had single infection; whereas 19.5% of the cases had multiple infections.Conclusion: Intestinal parasites were prevalent in varying magnitude among schoolchildren found in Ochollo village.This calls for the institution of control measures including treatment of infected individuals, improvement of sanitation and provision of clean water, and health education.
Abstract: Background: Intestinal parasitic infections remain an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries especially among pediatric. Objective: To determine the prevalence of S.mansoni and soil transmitted helminthes among Ochollo primary school students, Ochollo, southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was emplo...
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HIV Positive Status Disclosure and Associated Factors among HIV Positive Adults in Axum Health Facilities, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Haileselassie Berhane Alema,
Worku Awoke Yalew,
Melkamu Bedimo Beyene,
Meresa Gebremedhin Woldu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
61-66
Received:
23 December 2014
Accepted:
12 January 2015
Published:
27 January 2015
Abstract: Background: Disclosure of HIV positive status to sexual partners, friends or relatives is a main tool for prevention and care strategies. Significant proportions of HIV positive adults never disclose their HIV positive status. Identifying factors associated with disclosure is necessary to freely disclose of HIV positive status result to their sexual partners, parents and friends to achieve a goal ‘zero new infection.’ Objective: This study was aimed to assess the HIV positive status disclosure and associated factors among HIV positive adults attending in Axum health facilities, Northern Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted from July - August, 2013 in Axum St. Marry hospital and Axum health center. After verbal consent was obtained data were collected by trained counselors and ART nurses using pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS version 16 databases. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify associated factors for disclosure of HIV positive status at 95% confidence intervals and p-value of 0.05. Results: A total of 361 respondents were participated in the study of which gives 99.7% of response rate. The majority (80.1%) disclosed their HIV positive result to at least one person and among currently have sexual partner, 81.2% disclosed to their current sexual partner. marital status of the respondents, [(AOR = 3.70; 95% CI, 1.206 – 11.39)] knowledge of partner’s HIV status [(AOR= 3.43; 95% CI, 1.02– 11.5)] and member of Anti- HIV/AIDS association [(AOR = 4.81; 95% CI, 1.01 – 23.05)] had significant association with disclosure of HIV positive status. Conclusion: The rate of HIV positive status disclosure among HIV positive adults still continued to be low. Marital status of respondents, knowledge of partners HIV status, and a member of Anti- HIV/AIDS association were identified as predictors of HIV positive status disclosure.
Abstract: Background: Disclosure of HIV positive status to sexual partners, friends or relatives is a main tool for prevention and care strategies. Significant proportions of HIV positive adults never disclose their HIV positive status. Identifying factors associated with disclosure is necessary to freely disclose of HIV positive status result to their sexua...
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Prevalence of Gender Based Violence and Associated Factors among Female Students of Menkorer High School in Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia
Getachew Mullu,
Ayu Gizachew,
Desalegne Amare,
Animut Alebel,
Fasil Wagnew,
Chalachew Tiruneh,
Mulat Worku,
Rhama Kediri,
Sanbato Tamiru,
Temesgen Demsie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
67-74
Received:
5 January 2015
Accepted:
14 January 2015
Published:
27 January 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Gender based violence (GBV) is a common reproductive health problem especially in developing countries. It commonly occurs among women and young girls than men, and it has several sexual and reproductive health complications like STIs including HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and other complications. So, this research is done to assess the prevalence of GBV and associated factors among Menkorer high school female students in Debre Markos town, Ethiopia. Methodology: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted among 140 female high school students of Debre Markos town. All randomly selected regular female students were included in the study. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. For data entry EpiData version 3.1 and for analysis SPSS version 22 software were used. Descriptive analysis was done to describe the frequency and percentage of dependent and independent variables. To identify possible factors associated with the dependent variable, bivariate and multivariate analysis were done. 95% confidence interval (CI) and p-value less than 5% were used to determine the association. Result: The prevalence of Gender based violence (physical or/and sexual violence) during the current academic year was 72 (57.3%), while life time prevalence of GBV was 67.7%. The prevalence of life time physical violence and physical violence during the current academic year was 82 (66.1%) and 68 (54.8%) respectively. Thirty (24.2%) have experience life time sexual violence. Factors associated with gender based violence were educational performance of good and above (AOR=0.09, 95%CI 0.009-0.88), and never drinking alcohol (AOR=0.38, 95%CI 0.15-0.93). Conclusion and Recommendation: This study found that gender based violence is still a common problem among high school female students. The prevalence of current and life time physical and sexual violence among female students was high. So, school and community based services like awareness creation for both male and female students on GBV and laws related with GBV should be strengthened.
Abstract: Introduction: Gender based violence (GBV) is a common reproductive health problem especially in developing countries. It commonly occurs among women and young girls than men, and it has several sexual and reproductive health complications like STIs including HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy, abortion and other complications. So, this research is done t...
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Comprehensive Pregnancy Knowledge Level among Out-of-School Youths in Wayu Tuka District, Western Ethiopia
Gemechu Kejela,
Kababa Temesgen
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
75-80
Received:
6 January 2015
Accepted:
14 January 2015
Published:
28 January 2015
Abstract: Background: Although there is a high awareness about pregnancy prevention methods among youth, in Ethiopia, the problems are still rampant which indicates lack of comprehensive knowledge about pregnancy among youths. So, having indepth and comprehensive knowledge about pregnancy and associated factors has a paramount importance. Objectives: the main aim of this study is to assess comprehensive pregnancy knowledge level and associated factors among out of school youths in Wayu Tuka district of east Wollega zone. Methods: A quantitative community based cross-sectional study design was used. Data were collected using structured questionnaire from a total of 625 respondents selected systematically from 6 randomly selected kebeles of the district. Data was entered using EPI data version 3.02 and analysed by using SPSS version 16.0. To ascertain the association between dependent and independent variables, binary logistic regression was performed and variables with p-value of less than or equal to 0.3 at binary were entered into multivariable logistic regression analysis. Variables with p-value of <0.05 at multivariable regression were considered as statistically significant. Finally, the result was summarized using text and tables. Result: The proportion of comprehensive pregnancy knowledge in this study was12%. Comprehensive pregnancy knowledge was higher among those who live with their friends/partners (AOR[95%CI]= 3.1[1.445,6.658], who cited health professionals as major pregnancy related information source (AOR[95%CI]= 3[1.18, 4.608]) and who discuss about sexual matter with their parents or other family members(AOR[95%CI]= 2.58[1.46,4.54]). Conclusions and Recommendations: In this study, comprehensive pregnancy knowledge was low. So, appropriate information education and communication programs needs to be intensified for out-of-school youths in the study area.
Abstract: Background: Although there is a high awareness about pregnancy prevention methods among youth, in Ethiopia, the problems are still rampant which indicates lack of comprehensive knowledge about pregnancy among youths. So, having indepth and comprehensive knowledge about pregnancy and associated factors has a paramount importance. Objectives: the mai...
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Neurological Disorders Associated with Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccination- a Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
81-86
Received:
6 December 2014
Accepted:
11 January 2015
Published:
28 January 2015
Abstract: Background: The safety of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has always been doubtful due to its side effects reported over time. Current criticism revolves around the fact that the trials were too small and did not follow up on children involved in the study for long enough periods to determine if there would be any potential hazards involved. Objective: To assess the risks of seizures and other neurological events following MMR immunization in children up to 16 years of age. Methodology: The data was collected from retrospective and prospective cohort studies carried out worldwide on around 8 million children who received MMR immunization up to their 16 years of life. About 110 published articles (from 1991 to 2014), satisfied the inclusion criteria and 38 of them were included in the review. Main Results: MMR immunization was associated with consistent increase in febrile seizures in the 7- through 14-day interval. Delaying MMR vaccine past 15 months of age resulted in a higher risk of seizures. The long-term rate of epilepsy was not increased in children who had febrile seizures following vaccination compared with children who had febrile seizures of a different etiology. The reports on other neurological disorders included the rare adverse events of aseptic meningitis associated with a form of the MMR vaccine containing the Urabe mumps strain, and very few cases of encephalitis, convulsions, Guillain-Barre syndrome and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The most commonly occurring adverse reaction was syncopal fit. Conclusion: Measles, mumps, and rubella are all very serious illnesses and can have complications leading to lifetime disability or even death. The long-term effects of the MMR vaccine are still in question, but on comparing its risks and benefits, the benefits far outweigh the incidence of serious adverse events associated with immunization. Changes in the vaccine formulation may help to reduce side-effects, and further advances may help make current vaccines even safer.
Abstract: Background: The safety of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has always been doubtful due to its side effects reported over time. Current criticism revolves around the fact that the trials were too small and did not follow up on children involved in the study for long enough periods to determine if there would be any potential hazards involved...
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Safe Delivery Service Utilization Five Years Preceding the Survey in Wayu Town, Western Ethiopia
Kababa Temesgen Danusa,
Gemechu Kejela Jilo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
87-92
Received:
5 January 2015
Accepted:
21 January 2015
Published:
30 January 2015
Abstract: Background: High maternal mortality rate is one of the major public health concerns in developing countries including Ethiopia. Most of the deaths are caused by factors attributed to pregnancy and childbirth. In Ethiopia only about 10% of women delivered in health facility with wide regional variation. Objective: The main aim of this study was to assess safe delivery service utilization among mothers who gave birth during five years preceding the survey in Wayu town, of western Ethiopia. Methods and Materials: A cross sectional descriptive study was carried out among women with children less than five years prior to survey conducted from January, 2014 to May, 2014 in Wayu town. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select 371 participants. A pre tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Result: A total of 371 women were included into the study. About 107(28.8%) of mothers were in the age range of 20 – 24 years, 342 (92.2%) were married, 237 (63.9%) were educated and 134(36.1%) were unable to read and write. The study indicated that 175 (47.2%) of the mothers delivered in health facilities and 196 (52.8%) mothers gave birth at home. Of mothers who gave birth at home, 52 (14%) deliveries conducted by Traditional birth attendants and 142 (38.3%) without any assistance of skilled personnel while only two deliveries occurs on the way to health facility. The common reasons for home delivery were sudden onset of labor 125 (63.8%), presence of TBAs 30 (14.3%), negative attitude of health workers 2(1%), and others 41 (20.2%) which includes; believe in God, fear of high cost services, lack of skilled personnel, poor services, negligence of women. Conclusion and recommendations: Only 47% institutional delivery service utilization was observed in this study. So, community education about pregnancy, child birth and postpartum and training for all Health Extension Workers are needed. In addition to this, further studies that assess factors associated with institutional delivery both quantitatively and qualitatively are needed.
Abstract: Background: High maternal mortality rate is one of the major public health concerns in developing countries including Ethiopia. Most of the deaths are caused by factors attributed to pregnancy and childbirth. In Ethiopia only about 10% of women delivered in health facility with wide regional variation. Objective: The main aim of this study was to a...
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Screening for Syphilis, HIV, and Hemoglobin during Pregnancy in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania: How is the Health System Performing (Short Communication)
Johnson Katanga,
Melina Mgongo,
Tamara Hashim,
Babill Stray-Pedersen,
Sia E. Msuya
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
93-96
Received:
30 December 2014
Accepted:
16 January 2015
Published:
1 February 2015
Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of pregnant women that was tested for HIV, syphilis and hemoglobin during routine antenatal care in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. A cross sectional study was conducted in October 2013 – March 2014. Pregnant women in their 3rd trimester who were attending for routine antenatal care at Pasua and Majengo health centers were enrolled. Interviews were done to determine if women were tested for the 3 tests mentioned in earlier pregnancy, prior to the study followed by clinical examination and sample collection to test for HIV, syphilis and Hb. Data were entered and analyzed by using SPSS. A total of 536 women were enrolled. Despite being in the third trimester and had attended for routine antenatal care several times, the majority of pregnant women were not screened for syphilis (89.4%), (28.6%) were not screened for hemoglobin level and only 1% reported not to be screened for HIV. Three hundred and sixty three participants (87.9%) reported to have received iron supplement.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of pregnant women that was tested for HIV, syphilis and hemoglobin during routine antenatal care in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. A cross sectional study was conducted in October 2013 – March 2014. Pregnant women in their 3rd trimester who were attending for routine antenatal care at Pasua and Ma...
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Assessment of Sexual Harassment and Associated Factors among Grade 9-12 Female Students at Schools in Ambo District, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
97-100
Received:
10 January 2015
Accepted:
22 January 2015
Published:
2 February 2015
Abstract: Research question: What is the prevalence of the sexual harassment and various factors influencing it in school? Setting: Secondary and preparatory school of Ambo district. Study Design: Institutional based cross-sectional study design with qualitative study design. Participant: All female students from grade nine to twelve found in Ambo Secondary and Preparatory School (n=414). Methodology: out of 1631 regular female students in the Schools, 414 were selected by stratified sampling technique. Data were collected using structured pre tested questionnaires with Focus group discussion guide and entered into EPI Info then exported to SPSS for analysis. Result: Prevalence of sexual harassment among female students in school through their school life and past twelve months were 147(35.5%) and 138(33.3%), respectively. Having peer relationship problem, parents not living together and had ever chewed khat were statistically significant with last twelve months sexual harassment in school. Therefore, ongoing awareness creation, preventive measure, and law enact are essential.
Abstract: Research question: What is the prevalence of the sexual harassment and various factors influencing it in school? Setting: Secondary and preparatory school of Ambo district. Study Design: Institutional based cross-sectional study design with qualitative study design. Participant: All female students from grade nine to twelve found in Ambo Secondary ...
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Exposure Assessment of Magnetic Field in Dwellings with Built-in Transformers in Bulgaria
Tsvetelina Shalamanova,
Michel Israel,
Mihaela Ivanova,
Victoria Zaryabova
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
101-106
Received:
27 November 2014
Accepted:
10 January 2015
Published:
2 February 2015
Abstract: An exposure assessment study was performed within a sample of apartment buildings with built-in transformer rooms located throughout the Sofia city. This study was a part of the International project TRANSEXPO which goal was to find the epidemiologic association between extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia. The exposure assessment part was directed to estimation of magnetic field exposures in residences that are both near to and distant from the transformer room, based upon their location relative to the transformer station. Measurements of 50 Hz magnetic field (MF) were performed in 65 apartments, 21 buildings, with built-in transformer stations. In each building, measurements were made in the following types of apartments: 1. apartments that have rooms directly above and next to the transformer; 2. apartments selected on the same floor as the one directly above and next to the transformer; 3. apartments on the upper floors randomly selected among all the other apartments of the building; The measurement results show clear difference among the magnetic field values measured of the three categories of apartments, respectively 0,4 µT for the “exposed” apartments 0,23 µT on the same floor, and 0,1 µT on other floors. These results confirm that classification of magnetic field exposure based on apartment location is possible with specificity 0,91 and sensitivity 0,95 for cut-off point 0,4 µT. Values of 0,4 µT and above were measured in 18 out of 19 apartments that have rooms directly above and next to the transformer. The exposure assessment in the buildings with built-in transformer station shows that the apartments can be reliably categorized as an exposed, low exposed or unexposed based on their location to the transformer stations.
Abstract: An exposure assessment study was performed within a sample of apartment buildings with built-in transformer rooms located throughout the Sofia city. This study was a part of the International project TRANSEXPO which goal was to find the epidemiologic association between extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and childhood leukemia. The ex...
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Coping Strategy of Women with HIV-AIDS: Influence of Care-Giving, Family Social Attitude, and Effective Communication
Regina Udobong,
Ndifreke Udonwa,
Okon Charles,
Promise Adat,
Rose Udonwa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
107-113
Received:
15 October 2014
Accepted:
22 January 2015
Published:
2 February 2015
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between family support and coping strategy of women living with HIV/AIDS in the outpatients and the Heart to Heart Units of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. A 24-item questionnaire was administered to female health care providers. Also Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and In-depth Interview / Key Informant Interview was held among 160 randomly selected respondents. The generated data were analysed using the SPSS package. The analyses revealed that significant relationship exists between care giving, favourable social attitude, and effective communication (exposure to information) and coping strategy of women living with HIV/AIDS. The authors recommend that the family should show itself as the most fundamental institution for the successful management of HIV/AIDS; and conclude that the family should develop favourable social attitude, provide proper and good care and sufficiently expose women living with HIV/AIDS to appropriate information.
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between family support and coping strategy of women living with HIV/AIDS in the outpatients and the Heart to Heart Units of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. A 24-item questionnaire was administered to female health care providers. Also Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and In-depth Interview / Ke...
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Healthcare Waste Management: What do the Health Workers in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital Know and Practice
Emmanuel Chukwunonye Azuike,
Echendu Dolly Adinma,
Simeon Achunam Nwabueze,
Ebele Dabeluchukwu Azuike,
Victor Ahoma Mbanuzuru,
Uzoamaka Ugochinyere Epundu,
Kenechukwu Grace Enwonwu,
Nkiru Ifeoma Chikezie,
Chioma Chetachukwu Ajator,
Emeka Michael Onebunne,
Darlington Chukwudinma Obi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
114-118
Received:
15 November 2014
Accepted:
15 January 2015
Published:
2 February 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Healthcare waste is any solid or liquid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in production or testing of biologicals. Mismanagement of healthcare waste poses risks to people and the environment. Improving the standards of healthcare waste management protects the health and safety of healthcare workers, patients, visitors to healthcare facilities and the general public. This study was carried out to determine the knowledge and practice of healthcare waste management by the healthcare workers in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital Nnewi, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. There hundred and thirty one healthcare workers who have been in the employment of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital were recruited into the study by proportionate sampling technique. Data was collected using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: One hundred and seventy nine (54.1%) of the respondents were males while 149 (45%) were females. The commonest age group was 25-34 years (49.5%). Three hundred and twenty (96.7%) of the respondents had tertiary education, 8 (2.4%) had secondary education, while 3 (0.9%) had primary education and none of the respondents had no education at all. One hundred and twenty six (38.1%) of the respondents have worked for the hospital for 2-4 years while 4 (1.2%) have worked for greater than or equal to 20 years. The knowledge of healthcare waste management among the healthcare workers was high. But the practice was not optimal. Conclusion: The healthcare workers had a high level of knowledge regarding healthcare waste management but practice amongst the workers was not adequate.
Abstract: Introduction: Healthcare waste is any solid or liquid waste that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals, in research pertaining thereto, or in production or testing of biologicals. Mismanagement of healthcare waste poses risks to people and the environment. Improving the standards of healthcare waste man...
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Childhood under-Nutrition and SES Gradient in India – Myth or Reality
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
119-137
Received:
24 December 2014
Accepted:
14 January 2015
Published:
2 February 2015
Abstract: The paper tries to explore whether SES gradient exists in childhood under-nutrition in India since, in spite of sound economic growth and poverty reduction, the under-nutrition prevalence is not declining so much. The paper uses different secondary data sources to analyze the issue. It uses data for fifteen major Indian states and looks at the pattern of under-nutrition, poverty and pattern of influence of SES and other poverty syndrome factors over one and half decade. It also explores whether the value of the gradient varies due to contribution of different levels – household and community and finally it decomposes the inequity in nutritional achievement to find the pattern of SES contribution over one and half decade. Based on these analyses, it concentrates on one major state where contribution of SES and spatial inequity seems to be higher. It is visible that SES gradient is very much present in under-nutrition and works through the pathway of higher intra-household inequity in several child and mother specific factors. Over time contribution of SES has increased and intra-household inequity has increased. So it suggests bottom up strategies in policy development is to be strengthened through e-governance techniques and institutional integration to ensure universal access to public goods and services.
Abstract: The paper tries to explore whether SES gradient exists in childhood under-nutrition in India since, in spite of sound economic growth and poverty reduction, the under-nutrition prevalence is not declining so much. The paper uses different secondary data sources to analyze the issue. It uses data for fifteen major Indian states and looks at the patt...
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Disaster Preparedness in Nepal: Insights and Observations from Literature and Field Work
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
138-142
Received:
11 January 2015
Accepted:
29 January 2015
Published:
6 February 2015
Abstract: Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world and due to historical and geographical reasons it is vulnerable to various emergencies and disasters. The aim of this research was to find out how the research literature describes the disaster preparedness and emergency response in Nepal and how one can observe them in the chosen daily context in the Balkhu settlement in Nepal. This research is based on a descriptive literature review as well as interviews and observations. The descriptive review was conducted with the databases Cinahl fulltext, Ebsco Academic Search Premier and ASP. The information from the literature was grouped to thematic categories by content analysis. The categories facilitated the process of developing an interview and observation guide. Empirical data was collected by interviews and observations in the Balkhu settlement and the results were grouped into the same categories that were found in the literature. Results from this research suggest that leadership is important in building up the institutional capacity for disaster preparedness in Nepal. Disaster preparedness plans should more precisely cover even the psychosocial support of disaster victims. At the local level, empowerment of women and multi-sectorial co-operation are needed. In the chosen Balkhu community, not much is done for disaster preparedness. It is recommended that a general awareness of disaster preparedness and the training of residents be included as components to the ongoing development projects in that community.
Abstract: Nepal is one of the poorest countries in the world and due to historical and geographical reasons it is vulnerable to various emergencies and disasters. The aim of this research was to find out how the research literature describes the disaster preparedness and emergency response in Nepal and how one can observe them in the chosen daily context in ...
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Determinants of Long Acting Contraceptive Use among Reproductive Age Women in Ethiopia: Evidence from EDHS 2011
Alemayehu Shimeka Teferra,
Abebach Asmamaw Wondifraw
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 1, January 2015
Pages:
143-149
Received:
28 December 2014
Accepted:
15 January 2015
Published:
6 February 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Promotion and utilization of effective and convenient family planning methods in countries with high birth rates and limited resources have a potential to improve maternal and child health. These could reduce the costs of achieving millennium development goals. However, the contribution of long acting contraceptives both female and male sterilization, intrauterine device, and implant in Ethiopia is very low. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of long acting contraceptive use in Ethiopia to improve its utilization. Methods: Unmatched case control study design was employed using data from the 2011 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey. Questionnaire was used to extract data from EDHS data set. The extracted data was transformed, edited and recoded using SPSS data editor command. Cross-tabulation was used to describe cases and controls. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the determinants of LACs use. Strength of the association was assessed using odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Result: The mean age of cases and controls were 32±7 and 31± 9, respectively. Sixteen seven (18.4 %) of cases have secondary and above level of education. Among the cases, 199 (54.7%) of them did not want any more children. Fifty four percent of cases were exposed to family planning messages through mass media. Secondary and above level of education [AOR (95%CI) =3 (1.5, 5.0)], working status of women [AOR (95%CI) = 1.7 (1.3, 2.2)], being visited by family planning workers [AOR (95%CI) = 1.8 (1.4, 2.5)] and exposure to family planning messages through media [AOR (95% CI) = 1.5 (1.1, 2.00)] were significantly associated with the use long acting contraceptive. Conclusions and Recommendations: Educational and working status of women, being visited by family planning workers, exposure to family planning messages and wanting no more children have positive association on LACs use. Provision of information about long acting contraceptives using mass media in advance and encouraging women to complete secondary level of education and above were important to improve LACs utilization.
Abstract: Introduction: Promotion and utilization of effective and convenient family planning methods in countries with high birth rates and limited resources have a potential to improve maternal and child health. These could reduce the costs of achieving millennium development goals. However, the contribution of long acting contraceptives both female and ma...
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