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Prevalence of Hemoglobin S in Blood Donors in the Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto, Praia City – Cape Verde
Leonel Barbosa Gonçalves,
Elves Heleno Gomes Duarte,
Marilena Djata Cabral
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
600-604
Received:
2 May 2015
Accepted:
3 June 2015
Published:
17 June 2015
Abstract: Hemoglobin S is a hereditary blood pathology, with higher prevalence worldwide. The homozygous patients have anemia in varying degrees of severity, while heterozygous carrier sickle cell trait may have hematocrit and hemoglobin which can be used in donation. The hemoglobin carrier erythrocyte characteristics does not allow you to be a good donor blood transfusion undesirable effects may be due to both the potential sickling as to changes in hemotherapeutic product as a result of processing and storage. In Cape Verde, no studies related to the prevalence of hemoglobin S and program for screening of hemoglobin S in the blood donors are reported. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of hemoglobin S in blood donors attended in the Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital, between August to October (2013). Sickling of red blood cell technique was performed. Between samples we found that four donors from 104 (3.9%) that were screened had positive results, gender, age and hemoglobin concentration, naturally, county of residence, blood groups and regular donors were associated with the presence of such a hemoglobin variant. The results underscore the importance of screening this abnormality in the blood donors and further studies must be performed. Also we recommend the implementation of information strategies, awareness, early detection and treatment of diseases associated with hemoglobin S.
Abstract: Hemoglobin S is a hereditary blood pathology, with higher prevalence worldwide. The homozygous patients have anemia in varying degrees of severity, while heterozygous carrier sickle cell trait may have hematocrit and hemoglobin which can be used in donation. The hemoglobin carrier erythrocyte characteristics does not allow you to be a good donor bl...
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Risky Sexual Behaviour and Predisposing Factors to HIV/STI Among Students in Mizan-Tepi University (A Case of Tepi Campus)
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
605-611
Received:
22 May 2015
Accepted:
9 June 2015
Published:
25 June 2015
Abstract: Students of higher institutions are assumed to have risky sexual behaviour that exposed to HIV infection. This study aimed to identify imperative information on Sexual risky behavior and Pre-exposing factors to have multiple sexual partners among Mizan-Tepi University students in Ethiopia in order to design an intervention method. Institution based Cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2015. Both qualitative and quantitative study was conducted among 808 students. The data were collected using self-administered questionnaire and analysed using SPSS V.16.0. 306 (37.9%) students ever had sex and 168(63.36%) of them had in campus. Among whoever had sex, 37.9% had sex in the last 12 months, 28.3% had multiple sexual partners, 211(69.4%) not used condom consistently, 110(36.9%) have sexual partner out of campus, 214(71.1%) were attend night dance group and 539(66.71%) used substance. Students that view Pornography, use substances and attend night group dance were 2.8 (OR, 95%CI, 2.801 (1.658-4.730), 1.5 times (OR, 95%CI, 1.502(.865-2.609) and 1.3 times (OR, 95%CI, 1.301(.787-2.152) more likely to have multiple sexual partner respectively. Among respondents who perceive the risk of HIV in the campus reduce the likely hood to have multiple sexual partners by 0.7 (OR, 95%CI; 0.686(0.809-0.517) and having multiple sexual partner reduce the probability of using condom by half (0.5) unit (OR, 95%CI, 0.517(.295-.904) at P<0.05. Substance use, sexual partner, living out of campus, shisha use, night group dance and STD history were identified as predisposing factors to risky sexual behaviour. The study revealed serious risky sexual behaviors and predisposing factors among the students, which may expose them to HIV. The universities should review the existing curriculum to integrate or separately develop as a course which can be taken as sex education and HIV/STD, and provide special attention to female students’ life skill training.
Abstract: Students of higher institutions are assumed to have risky sexual behaviour that exposed to HIV infection. This study aimed to identify imperative information on Sexual risky behavior and Pre-exposing factors to have multiple sexual partners among Mizan-Tepi University students in Ethiopia in order to design an intervention method. Institution based...
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A Prediction Model for the Animal Plague in Spermophilus dauricus Focus in China
Xiaolei Zhou,
Boyu Zhang,
Xianbin Cong,
Xiaoheng Yao,
Cheng Ju,
Zhonglai Li,
Cheng Xu,
Tianyi Duan,
Guijun Zhang,
Lei Chen,
Zhencai Liu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
612-617
Received:
3 June 2015
Accepted:
11 June 2015
Published:
29 June 2015
Abstract: Plague is a fatal infectious disease that causes serious harm to humans. Its occurrence threatens not only public life, but also economic development. Although the incidence of plague in China shows a downward trend, the risk of animal and human plague still persists. By analyzing the data of the Spermophilus dauricus focus in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 1981 to 2012, we established a statistical model to predict the epidemic of the animal plague, which combines the best subset regression method and the exponential smoothing method. According to the data from 1981 to 2011, the model predicted that there is no animal plague epidemic risk in 2012. This result is consistent with the report from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the plague bacillus Yersinia pestis was not detected in the S. dauricus focus in 2012. In addition, our model can be extended to predict the epidemic of plague in other foci. Potential and limitations of the model are discussed.
Abstract: Plague is a fatal infectious disease that causes serious harm to humans. Its occurrence threatens not only public life, but also economic development. Although the incidence of plague in China shows a downward trend, the risk of animal and human plague still persists. By analyzing the data of the Spermophilus dauricus focus in the Inner Mongolia Au...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Women of Reproductive Age Group towards Abortion Care at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Debre Markos Ethiopia
Addis Adera,
Mesfin Wudu Kassaw,
Yonas Yimam,
Habtamu Abera,
Getenet Dessie,
Fitwi Tinsae
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
618-624
Received:
18 May 2015
Accepted:
3 June 2015
Published:
30 June 2015
Abstract: Back ground: Abortion is an important cause of bleeding during pregnancy. It is one of the five leading causes of maternal death in the developing world. Moreover, in developing country, abortion is the major cause of maternal mortality, which in Ethiopia safe abortion accounts 60% considering the huge number of maternal deaths due to abortion. Objective:-The main objective of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards to abortion care among reproductive age group women at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. Method: Across sectional descriptive study design was used. The study was conducted on 384 women in Debre Markos referral Hospital. We were used systematic random sampling technique to select the number of study participant. The data was analyzed manually; Using tables, graphics and the result finding were presented by chart. A total time of April 1-30/08/2006. Result:-A total of 384 make the response rate of 91%., The majority of 292(76%) participants had knowledge about legal abortion service and 92 (23%) had no knowledge and who think about abortion, 97(25%) were said that it is good and 73(19%) were said that it is harm full practice and 9 (2%) were they don’t knew. Among the sampled population those who practice when unwanted pregnancy were happen 178 (46%) were said that we would continue the pregnancy, 131(34%) were said that we would abort the pregnancy and 75 (19%) were they do not knew. Conclusion: - Even if this study show that women of reproductive age groups have good knowledge, attitude and poor practice.
Abstract: Back ground: Abortion is an important cause of bleeding during pregnancy. It is one of the five leading causes of maternal death in the developing world. Moreover, in developing country, abortion is the major cause of maternal mortality, which in Ethiopia safe abortion accounts 60% considering the huge number of maternal deaths due to abortion. Obj...
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Bacterial Etiology of Respiratory Tract Infections among Ambulatory School Children in Moshi Municipality, Tanzania
James Samwel Ngocho,
Caroline Amour,
Margaretha Sariko,
Blandina Theophil Mmbaga,
Gibson Sammy Kibiki
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
625-632
Received:
30 May 2015
Accepted:
11 June 2015
Published:
1 July 2015
Abstract: Background: Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Management of respiratory tract infections poses a challenge in developing countries particularly due to limited resources for bacterial identification. The objective of this study was to describe bacterial etiological agents causing respiratory tract infections and their resistance patterns among ambulatory school children in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. Methodology: A cross sectional community based study was conducted, from January to March 2014 in 4 primary schools in Moshi Municipality. All school children available at the time of study were assessed for respiratory symptoms, those with self-reported respiratory tract symptoms for four days or more were eligible for participation. While those on medication and those who completed oral medication within 15 days prior to screening were excluded. Nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected from eligible children. Isolates were tested for sensitivity against commonly used antibiotics. Results: Of 2,016 screened school children, 474 (23.5%) had respiratory tract symptoms. Respiratory tract bacterial pathogens were isolated from 123 (73.7%) of 167 children whose nasopharyngeal and throat swabs were collected, three children did no show for swab collection. S. aureus was the most prevalent isolate 68 (55.3%) followed by S. pneumoniae 43 (35.0%), and the least prevalent isolate was K. pneumoniae 7 (5.7%). Majority of isolated upper respiratory tract bacteria were resistant to ampicillin. S. pneumoniae exhibited the highest rate of the resistance whereby, 33 (91.7%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin. However, the resistance of isolates to cotrimoxazole was found to be low. Gentamicin and ceftriaxone were effective against most isolates. Conclusion: Prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms was high among ambulatory school children who were presumed to be healthy. The observed high resistance of isolates might be due to unnecessary prescription of antibiotics, and counterfeit drugs. There is a need to strengthen school health program, in order to identify children with respiratory tract infections and refer them to a health facility for further evaluation.
Abstract: Background: Respiratory tract infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. Management of respiratory tract infections poses a challenge in developing countries particularly due to limited resources for bacterial identification. The objective of this study was to describe bacterial etiological agents causing res...
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A Study on the Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Three Districts of Bangladesh
Md. Tanvir Sarwar,
Mst Amina Sultana,
Shammy Akter,
Md. Sidur Rahman,
Shakh M. A. Rouf,
Md. Salim Raza,
M. Sabir Hossain
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
633-637
Received:
27 May 2015
Accepted:
15 June 2015
Published:
3 July 2015
Abstract: Malnutrition is the main nutritional problem in the developing countries like Bangladesh. The most vulnerable groups are under-5 children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating mothers. This study investigated the nutritional status of children aged 2-5 years of urban and rural areas of three different districts (Kushtia, Jhenidah and Jessore) of Bangladesh. The study was conducted on 200 children among those 100 were from Kushtia, 50 from Jhenidah and 50 from Jessore district. Among the children of Kushtia 55 were male & 45 were female. Among the children of Jhenidah 27 were male & 33 were female. Among the children of Jessore 32 were male & 28 were female. Analyzing anthropometric data we found that the mean height, weight and MUAC of males were 90.47 cm, 13.31 kg and 14.88 cm respectively while 88.51 cm, 12.58 kg and 14.70 cm respectively in case of female. Among the children 57% were under weight, 60% were stunted and 24.5% were found wasted. According to MUAC 35% children were normal and 12.5% children were severely malnourished in those three districts of Bangladesh.
Abstract: Malnutrition is the main nutritional problem in the developing countries like Bangladesh. The most vulnerable groups are under-5 children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating mothers. This study investigated the nutritional status of children aged 2-5 years of urban and rural areas of three different districts (Kushtia, Jhenidah and Jessore) o...
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Nutritional Status and Hygiene Behavior of Government Primary School Kids in Central Bangladesh
Md. Abdul Hakim,
Md. Jalal Talukder,
Md. Serajul Islam
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
638-642
Received:
3 June 2015
Accepted:
15 June 2015
Published:
8 July 2015
Abstract: The study was conducted among kids at the campus of Town Government Primary School, Darul Ulum Government Primary School and Jahangir Smrity Seberasrom Government Primary School in Tangail municipality, the hub of the Tangail district and consequently the central body of Bangladesh. From these three schools 60% (n= 45) boys and 40% (n=30) girls were selected for the study by using the simple random sampling method. Results reveal that 80% (n=12), 73.33% (n=11), 86.67% (n=13), 80% (n=12) and 77.33% (n=11) school kids were in underweight at class 1 to class 5 orderly, 20% (n=3) kids were in normal weight at classes 1, 2 and 4 and 13.33% (n=2) and 6.67% (n=1) kids in normal weight at classes 5 and 3. 6.67% (n=1) kids were overweight at classes 2, 3 and 5 and 6.67% (n=1) was obese in class 5. The basic hygiene behaviors of children have significant positive effects on their nutritional status. Almost 100% school kids told that they always washed their hands with shop before and after meal taking and after the use of toilet and 98.67% (n=74) washed their hand coming back home from outside. About 77.78% (n=35), 17.78% (n=8) and 4.44% (n=2) boys brushed their teeth two, one and three times a day respectively while 66.67% (n=20), 20% (n=6) and 13.33% (n=4) girls brushed teeth two, one and three times a day respectively. The study also showed that 97.78% (n=44) boys and 93.33% (n=28) girls used sandal all the day as one of their main hygiene practices.
Abstract: The study was conducted among kids at the campus of Town Government Primary School, Darul Ulum Government Primary School and Jahangir Smrity Seberasrom Government Primary School in Tangail municipality, the hub of the Tangail district and consequently the central body of Bangladesh. From these three schools 60% (n= 45) boys and 40% (n=30) girls wer...
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Drugs (Alcohol/Khat) Use Stimulants and as Risk Factor for HIV/AIDS Infection, Among Provider Initiated Counselling and Testing (PICT) Visitors in Gore Town, Oromia, Ethiopia
Tesfalem Atnafu Waldegabrel,
Ayelign Melesse Wubetie
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
643-649
Received:
19 January 2015
Accepted:
6 February 2015
Published:
10 July 2015
Abstract: Background: HIV/AIDS infection is currently a major challenge for the world especially for the developing nations. Different scholars reported that infection prevalence is higher among substance abusers. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at Gore Health Center, Ethiopia. A total of 256 samples collected from patients visiting PICT center for HIV/AIDS test. The data were gathered through interview with the respondents and the HIV test results were recorded in the laboratory through investigating the blood sample of respondents at PICT. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Intake of alcohol and Khat showed a significant association with HIV infection. Results: This study output implicates triples chance of infection among the Khat [OR & (95%CI) 3.512 (1.695, 7.278)] and alcohol [OR & (95% CI) = 3.285 (1.576, 6.847)] and six times both users [OR & (95% CI) = 6.615 (3.096, 14.134)] over those of control groups. Sex analysis depicts females were found 2 times males likely for HIV infection [OR (95% CI) =2.03 (0.603, 2.515)]. None educated were 1.94 times [OR (95% CI) = 1.944] as compared with secondary and above educational level. Conclusion: Substance abuse (khat and alcohol) found as major risk factor exposing for HIV/AIDS infection. Peer and social pressure is critical way that indulges people’s for addicted use of alcohol and khat. In most cases khat use accompanied by alcohol that triggers chain of addictions and harmful consequences. Recommendation: Develop abusing drug use models (measures, control, demand and supply reduction, and creating awareness) for addressing effective prevention and control mechanisms.
Abstract: Background: HIV/AIDS infection is currently a major challenge for the world especially for the developing nations. Different scholars reported that infection prevalence is higher among substance abusers. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted at Gore Health Center, Ethiopia. A total of 256 samples collected from patients visiting PICT center ...
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Prevalence of Tobacco Consumption, Alcohol, Khat (Catha Edulis) Use and High Blood Pressure among Adults In Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia
Sisay Bissa Jima,
Tomas Benti Tefera,
Muktar Beshir Ahmed
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
650-654
Received:
23 June 2015
Accepted:
7 July 2015
Published:
17 July 2015
Abstract: Introduction Use of substances such as alcohol, khat leaves (Catha edulis) and tobacco has become one of the rising major public health and socio-economic problems worldwide. Recent trends indicate that the use of substances have dramatically increased particularly in developing countries. The prevalence of CVDs and other chronic diseases is growing more rapidly in developing countries. Hypertension is a growing public health problem and about 19.1%of adults had Hypertension. Methods A community based cross-sectional descriptive study design was employed. A semi structured questionnaire was used to assess association of tobacco, alcohol and Khat (Catha edulis) use with high blood pressure among adults in jimma town, south west Ethiopia. Prevalence of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, and khat (Catha edulis ) chewing was determined. Blood pressure was measured three times for each individuals using OmronHEM-711DLX Automatic Blood pressure monitor and the average was used to categorize the subjects into hypertensive and non hypertensive. Results Prevalence of Tobacco uses, drinking alcohol, and chewing khat were, 150(35.5%), 202(50%), 289(68.5%) respectively. The Prevalence of high blood pressure was 79 (18.7%). Tobacco consumption, alcohol drinking, age group of 50-59 and sex were significantly associated with high blood pressure among adults of the town. Conclusion The magnitude of risk factors for hypertension is considerably high in the study population. Roughly one five adults in this study area had high blood pressure. Cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, chewing khat was associated with high blood pressure. These findings are crucial for evidence based decision making. It will help policy makers for planning of preventive and control measures of these modifiable risk factors. This study will also give baseline information that will enable researchers to conduct longitudinal studies.
Abstract: Introduction Use of substances such as alcohol, khat leaves (Catha edulis) and tobacco has become one of the rising major public health and socio-economic problems worldwide. Recent trends indicate that the use of substances have dramatically increased particularly in developing countries. The prevalence of CVDs and other chronic diseases is growin...
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Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012
Goitom Weldegebriel,
Adekunle Adeneji,
Alex Gasasira,
David Okello,
Chris Elemuwa,
Asghar Humayun,
Ousmane Diop,
Rakoto Mala
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
655-663
Received:
27 June 2015
Accepted:
10 July 2015
Published:
18 July 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Nigeria is one of the three polio endemic countries in the world along Pakistan and Afghanistan. The detection of persons with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and testing of stool specimens from these patients is the surveillance standard for detection of poliovirus. World Health Organization recommends complementary surveillance by testing sewage samples and stool of healthy children. Kano is the epi-center of polio in Nigeria. Environmental surveillance was introduced in June 2011 in Kano State and in April 2012 in Sokoto State. Methods: Grab method was used to collect sewage samples by trained environmental health workers. The samples were tested in Ibadan Polio Laboratory which is part of the Global Polio Laboratory Network. The Samples were concentrated using the two-phase separation method. Isolation of Poliovirus was carried out in RD and L20B cell lines. Poliovirus identification was done using the micro neutralization techniques. Results: In Kano State, from week 28 of 2011 to week 52 of 2012, a total of 60 samples were collected. In Sokoto State, from week 13 – 52 of 2012, a total of 80 sewage samples were collected from four sewage sites. In Kano and Sokoto, 62 and 93 single or mixed isolates were detected from the samples. In Kano, 39 (63%) of the isolates were Sabin viruses, 16 (26%) were circulating vaccine derived polio viruses type 2 (cVDPV2), 2 (3%) were wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1), 4 (6%) were non polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 1 (3%) were wild polio virus type 3 (WPV3). In Sokoto, 33 (35%) of the isolates were cVDPV2, 27 (29%) were Sabin viruses, 16 (17%) were wild virus type 1 and 17 (18%) were non polio enteroviruses. No wild virus type 3 was detected from AFP cases and environmental samples in Sokoto State in 2012. Conclusion: The results confirm the prevailing immunity gap in polio high risk areas of Nigeria and pronounced immunity gap against type 2 polio virus in Sokoto. Long distance travelers such as nomads play important role in disseminating poliovirus. Special focus should be given to reach and vaccinate such underserved and migrant communities. In addition to the national campaigns with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), an aggressive strategy should be adopted to mop up any detection of cVDPV in cases, contacts, or the environment.
Abstract: Introduction: Nigeria is one of the three polio endemic countries in the world along Pakistan and Afghanistan. The detection of persons with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and testing of stool specimens from these patients is the surveillance standard for detection of poliovirus. World Health Organization recommends complementary surveillance by tes...
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Natural Selection of Gender of the Baby at Conception: Proposing a Scientific Hypothesis
Inderjit Kaur Barthakur,
Geeta Shroff
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
664-668
Received:
26 June 2015
Accepted:
9 July 2015
Published:
20 July 2015
Abstract: Genes and chromosomes interplay to produce unique human beings. Each cell contains a pair of sex chromosome. The sperms carry either ‘X’ or ‘Y’ chromosome, thus, they determine the sex of the offspring. Every couple happily accepts their first child, whether a girl or boy. Authors have developed a scientific hypothesis on the basis of which the couple can naturally choose the gender of their second baby at the time of conception. According to theory, ‘Y’ sperms are faster than ‘X’ sperms but they have a shorter life span. The emplacement of ovum occurs after the rise in temperature due to which coitus after ovulation results in a male zygote and vice versa. The authors have also discussed the relation of ovulation and basal body temperature. This hypothesis can result in bringing the population under control and remove many social ills such as female feticide and infanticide from the society.
Abstract: Genes and chromosomes interplay to produce unique human beings. Each cell contains a pair of sex chromosome. The sperms carry either ‘X’ or ‘Y’ chromosome, thus, they determine the sex of the offspring. Every couple happily accepts their first child, whether a girl or boy. Authors have developed a scientific hypothesis on the basis of which the cou...
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Implementation of Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene Approach on the Prevention of Diarrheal Disease in Kersa District, Jimma Zone Ethiopia
Negasa Eshete,
Abebe Beyene,
Gudina Terefe
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
669-676
Received:
2 July 2015
Accepted:
13 July 2015
Published:
28 July 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Lack of access to safe water supply and inadequate sanitation and unsafe hygiene practices can cause diarrheal diseases. It is believed that implementation of Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH) will significantly reduce the risk of diarrheal diseases. Objective: To assess the Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene approach on the prevention of diarrheal disease in Kersa District of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Kersa District of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia from December 03, 2012 to January 11, 2013. The study subjects were randomly selected 423 households from CLTSH implemented and 423 households where CLTSH none implemented kebeles. Data was collected through interview and observation then data obtained was analyzed with SPSS version 16.0. Result: The study showed that the extent of latrine coverage and utilization in CLTSH implemented was greater than that of CLTSH non-implemented kebeles. In this study the occurrence of diarrhea was statistically associated with the extent of latrine utilization in the bivariate analysis in the CLTSH non-implemented kebeles [OR: 9.64, 95%CI: (5.11-18.19)] but the significant was disappeared in the multivariate analysis. Study showed that hand-washing facility near the latrine in CLTSH implemented (73.06%) was greater than that of CLTSH non-implemented kebeles (72.58%). But the risk of diarrhea was statistically associated with hand washing facility only in CLTSH non-implemented kebeles in bivariate and multivariate analysis. Conclusion: in the study the diarrhea prevalence is less in CLTSH implemented than the non implemented kebeles. So it is possible to reduce diarrheal disease through implementation of CLTSH approach. Health-workers and local authorities must pay special emphasis to improve these conditions.
Abstract: Introduction: Lack of access to safe water supply and inadequate sanitation and unsafe hygiene practices can cause diarrheal diseases. It is believed that implementation of Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene (CLTSH) will significantly reduce the risk of diarrheal diseases. Objective: To assess the Community-led Total Sanitation and Hygiene ...
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Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Willingness to Pay for Medical Care Among Government School Teachers in Addis Ababa
Kumlachew Abate,
Alemayehu Worku,
Shimels Hussien,
Ayalew Aklilu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
677-685
Received:
5 July 2015
Accepted:
16 July 2015
Published:
28 July 2015
Abstract: In low income countries households are the principal health financing agents. Their expense goes not without shrinking the basic consumptions of the household. This cost is not even enough to avert the consequences either. As a consequence it perpetuates the vicious cycle between sickness and poverty. Control of diseases or their outcome will depend on socioeconomic determinants. Understanding what affects willingness-to-pay (WTP) for medical care is very important to design choices about the allocation of scarce resources. The objective of this study was to assess the association between socioeconomic status and WTP for medical care among government school teachers in Addis Ababa. A cross sectional survey methodology was employed and a structured questionnaire was administered to 847 government school teachers between January to March 2011. The sample was generated by a two-stage probability proportional to size sampling (PPS) method. A dichotomous choice contingent valuation method (CVM) in the single bound formulation was used to elicit a “yes” or “no” answer by respondents when asked if they are WTP a given bid for medical care. Three hypothetical case scenarios: common cold (CC), glaucoma (BD) and heart attack (HAT) were designated. Both descriptive and analytic statistics were used to analyze the data. The degree and strength of association between the explanatory variables and willingness to pay were evaluated by logistic regression. Generally more respondents were WTP for CC, BD and HAT in government than private facilities. In government facilities WTP for CC and BD did not vary with socioeconomic status. However WTP for HAT was lower in the low income group and educational status. In private facilities WTP for CC varied with land ownership only.WTP for both BD and HAT was higher in those with better income and who own land. Educational level, proxy indicators of wealth, income level, lower medical care costs and seriousness of illness were found to positively influence the WTP for medical care. Improving employment benefits and establishing a mechanism to help raise the ability to pay are commendable policy measures.
Abstract: In low income countries households are the principal health financing agents. Their expense goes not without shrinking the basic consumptions of the household. This cost is not even enough to avert the consequences either. As a consequence it perpetuates the vicious cycle between sickness and poverty. Control of diseases or their outcome will depen...
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Postnatal Care Service Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women in Dembecha District, Northwest Ethiopia
Mulatu Ayana Hordofa,
Samrawit Shiferaw Almaw,
Molla Gedefaw Berhanu,
Habte Bolka Lemiso
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
686-692
Received:
9 July 2015
Accepted:
16 July 2015
Published:
29 July 2015
Abstract: Women play a principal role in the raring of children and management ranges of family affairs. Meanwhile, it is a tragedy to witness mothers losing their life from manageable maternity related causes. Postnatal care service is one of the strategies to avoid this loss. The main aim of this study was to assess the level of utilization of Post Natal Care and associated factors Dembecha District, Northwest Ethiopia. Community-based cross-sectional study design was used. Using women having children of less than two years of age living in Dembecha district were selected. Multistage sampling technique was employed involving a total of 788 samples and semi-structured questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Epidata version 3.1. Software was used for data entry and clearance and then SPSS version 16 was used for data analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was fitted and possible association and statistical significance were measured using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval and p-value less than 0.05. The study revealed that the level of Post Natal Care service utilizations was 34.8%. The Predicted probabilities, using logistic regression, showed that women who had formally education {AOR=2.122(1.372, 3.281)}, antenatal care service utilization for the last child {AOR=4.141(2.451, 6.995)}, Distance from the health institutions, had shown significant association {AOR=3.972(2.627, 6.008)}. About 73.9% of respondents answered their reason for not to use PNC service was lack of awareness followed by transportation problem (15.9%). Women did not know whether they were required to go to health institution or not after they had given birth at home unless complications happen to the newborns and themselves. PNC service utilization was less than what was planned by the district. Therefore intervention targeted to women’s awareness and empowerment, improving infrastructure in rural areas, expanding health care facilities to the currently unreached rural areas are recommendations’ of the study.
Abstract: Women play a principal role in the raring of children and management ranges of family affairs. Meanwhile, it is a tragedy to witness mothers losing their life from manageable maternity related causes. Postnatal care service is one of the strategies to avoid this loss. The main aim of this study was to assess the level of utilization of Post Natal C...
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Impact of a Nationwide Measles Immunization Campaign and Routine Immunization in Nigeria, 2006-2010: A Critical Review of South-South, Nigeria
Bassey Enya Bassey,
Alex Gasasira,
Goitom Weldegbriel,
Maleghemi Toritseju Sylvester,
Koko I. Richard,
Igbu Thompson,
Ayodele Benjamin,
Sylvester Agwai,
Godwin Ubong Akpan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
693-698
Received:
21 May 2015
Accepted:
16 June 2015
Published:
31 July 2015
Abstract: Background: Measles remains a serious problem of infancy and childhood in the developing world, despite the availability of vaccine. Increasing urbanization is changing patterns of endemicity. Objective: This paper critically examines the epidemiological impact of this nationwide measles immunization campaign and routine immunization, while taking into account any changes in surveillance performance. Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 4159 client at the surveillance focal sites scattered across the 123 district (LGAs) and were tested for measles specific immunoglobulin M (IgM). Five (5) ml of blood was collected from each subject into plain sterile bottle following informed consent. Blood samples were centrifuged and sera were separated and stored at -20oC until used. Samples were analyzed in batches for measles specific IgM using commercial ELISA (MV-ELISA) (Enzygnost; Behring Diagnostics, Marburg, Germany) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Tests were read on a pre-programmed spectrophotometer Quantum II, wavelength 450/630nm, manufactured by Abbott. Results: In total, 465 (11.2%) tested positive for measles specific IgM antibodies. Of these, 1962 were male and 2197 were female. The highest number of IgM positive cases was found in those less than 5 years (79.8%), while those aged 5-15 years, and 15 years and above recorded 17.2% and 3.0% respectively. The distribution of measles burden between urban and rural setting indicates that urban dwellers 53.8% were more susceptible to measles than rural dwellers (46.2%), this relationship was established as statistically significant with (p< 0.0001) and odds ratio was also high 1.669 (95% CI 1.375-2.025). A high significance of association between development of measles and vaccination status of subjects is also observed in this study (p < 0.0001), while odds ratio was also observed to be high 6.144 (95% CI 4.977-7.511). Conclusions: Improved understanding of measles epidemiology and risk factors are prerequisites for effective control. Possible strategies should include vertical vaccination efforts in addition to routine programmes.
Abstract: Background: Measles remains a serious problem of infancy and childhood in the developing world, despite the availability of vaccine. Increasing urbanization is changing patterns of endemicity. Objective: This paper critically examines the epidemiological impact of this nationwide measles immunization campaign and routine immunization, while taking ...
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Male Involvement on Skilled Delivery Care Utilization in Mareka Woreda, Southern Ethiopia: A Community Based Cross Sectional Study
Zerihun Tamirat,
Tizta Tilahun,
Misra Abdulahi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
699-706
Received:
13 June 2015
Accepted:
2 July 2015
Published:
1 August 2015
Abstract: Back ground: Skilled care for pregnancy and childbirth are the most important issues of reproductive health affected by male partners, however, how male involvement affects maternal health care utilization is lacking. So the study aimed to assess factors for male involvement and skilled delivery care utilization in Mareka woreda. Methods: This cross-sectional study used stratified sampling in Mareka district south east Ethiopia to select 676 couples currently in union who have less than one year old child. A structured questionnaire used to assess male involvement on skilled delivery utilization and associated factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed in SPSS version 16.0 to analyze independently associated factors. That factor with p value < 0.05 was declared as statistically significant at final model. Result: Overall, 32.9% of women used skilled delivery care and 41.3% of husbands’ involved on skilled delivery care utilization on their recent child birth. Women assisted by skilled birth attendants in their recent delivery were educated AOR=0.01(0.001-0.10), knowledgeable on danger sign AOR= 3.44(1.34-8.79), had favorable attitude for skilled delivery care AOR=2.21(1.11-4.41), and those their husbands’ participated on skilled delivery care use AOR=2.35(1.18-4.66). And husbands’ who participated on skilled delivery care utilization were educated AOR 1.77(1.13- 2.50)], younger AOR 1.77(1.19-2.62), prefers health facility for delivery AOR 1.85(1.24-2.75) and have had positive perception on importance of skilled delivery care AOR 1.68(1.13, 3.29). CONCLUSION: male involvement on skilled delivery care utilization has a significant effect on women’s’ use of skilled birth attendants at birth. Finding of our study implies improving awareness of communities on benefit of skilled delivery care and male involvement are needed.
Abstract: Back ground: Skilled care for pregnancy and childbirth are the most important issues of reproductive health affected by male partners, however, how male involvement affects maternal health care utilization is lacking. So the study aimed to assess factors for male involvement and skilled delivery care utilization in Mareka woreda. Methods: This cros...
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Modeling the Determinants of Time-to-age at First Marriage in Ethiopian Women: A Comparison of Various Parametric Shared Frailty Models
Bedasa Tessema,
Salie Ayalew,
Kasim Mohammed
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
707-718
Received:
1 June 2015
Accepted:
11 June 2015
Published:
1 August 2015
Abstract: Marriage is an important part of human life and age at first marriage is the age at which individuals get married. This varies across communities and individuals in different country. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan Africa in which highest at early marriage and a small number of delayed marriages are occurred. Survival analysis is a statistical method for data analysis where the outcome variable of interest is the time to the occurrence of an event. Frailty model is an extension of Cox's proportional hazard model in which the hazard function depends upon an unobservable random quantity, the so-called frailty. Regional states of the women were used as a clustering effect in all frailty models. The study aimed to model the determinants of time-to-age at first marriage in Ethiopia. The data source for the analysis was the 2011 EDHS data collected during September 2010 through January 2011 from which the survival information of 12208 woman on age at first marriage. The gamma and inverse Gaussian shared frailty with exponential, Weibull and log-logistic baseline models was employed to analyze risk factors associated with age at first marriage using socio-economic and demographic factors. All the fitted models were compared by using AIC. Out of the total, about 69.3% of women were married and 30.7% were not married at different age of marriage. The median of age at first marriage was 17 years. The log-logistic with inverse Gaussian shared frailty model had minimum value of AIC when compared with other models for age at first marriage dataset. The clustering effect was significant for modeling the determinants of time-to-age at first marriage dataset. Based on the result of log-logistic-inverse Gaussian shared frailty model, women educational level, head/parents occupation, place of residence, educational level of head/parents, access to media and respondent work status were found to be the most significant determinants of age at first marriage. The estimated acceleration factor for the group of women's who had secondary and higher educational level were highly prolonged age at first marriage by the factor of ϕ=1.0796 and ϕ=1.1497 respectively. The log-logistic with inverse Gaussian shared frailty model described age at first marriage dataset better than other models and there was heterogeneity between the regions on age at first marriage. Improving girls and young women access to education was an important avenue for rising women's age at first marriage and for empowering women.
Abstract: Marriage is an important part of human life and age at first marriage is the age at which individuals get married. This varies across communities and individuals in different country. Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan Africa in which highest at early marriage and a small number of delayed marriages are occurred. Survival analysis is a statistical ...
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Impact of the Mandatory Community Midwifery Service on the Utilization of Maternal Health Care by Women in Ondo State, Nigeria
Fadare R. I.,
Oyetunde M. O.,
Akpor O. A.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
719-725
Received:
15 July 2015
Accepted:
31 July 2015
Published:
10 August 2015
Abstract: The study explored the perceived impact of the mandatory community midwifery service on utilization of maternal health care by women, using the General System Theory and the Logic Model. The research was conducted in three selected Local Government Areas (LGAs). The research design for this study was the time-series type of non-controlled experimental design. The researcher assessed records of maternal health care attendance from the selected health facilities from July 2002 to July 2011 to generate data for the study. The study population comprised of 306 women of reproductive age group (15-49) in the three selected communities (who have participated in the programme) where the three primary health care centres are located. Multistage sampling technique was adopted to select three Local Government Areas (LGAs) from where data was collected. In-depth interview guide, questionnaire and format for recording data from records were used in the study. The result obtained from the study indicated that there was no significant difference in the levels of utilization of maternal care services before and after the inception of the mandatory community service except for the slight increase in antenatal care utilization. Majority of the women expressed satisfaction with the services they received from the midwives. The study also revealed a slight increase in the levels of utilization of antenatal attendance while not much change had occurred in the use of facility based delivery care as well as postnatal care.
Abstract: The study explored the perceived impact of the mandatory community midwifery service on utilization of maternal health care by women, using the General System Theory and the Logic Model. The research was conducted in three selected Local Government Areas (LGAs). The research design for this study was the time-series type of non-controlled experimen...
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Situational Analysis of Access to Improved Sanitation in the Capital of Ethiopia and the Urgency of Adopting an Integrated Fecal Sludge Management (FSM) System
Abebe Beyene,
Taffere Addis,
Tamene Hailu,
Esubalew Tesfahun,
Mikiyas Wolde,
Kebede Faris
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
726-732
Received:
31 July 2015
Accepted:
5 August 2015
Published:
14 August 2015
Abstract: In the faces of alarming urbanization and the high demand for basic sanitation, there are debts that urban sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa has been steadily improving in one hand and worsening on the other hand in the recent decades. The objective of this research was to investigate the status of urban sanitation coverage in relation to Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 2015 target and the major gaps of fecal sludge management (FSM) system. For this purpose, we conducted the sanitation coverage survey in the urban slums of Addis Ababa and we compared it with the nationwide sanitation inventory conducted by Ethiopian Minister of Water, Irrigation and Energy (EMWIE) in 2014. The results revealed that only 11.4% of urban slum residents have access to improved sanitation. This sanitation coverage is by far lower than the improved sanitation coverage of the capital city (41.2%) and the national urban sanitation coverage (27%). Open defecation being a common practice in urban areas of Ethiopia accounts 8.2%, 5.8% and 8.0% for urban slums of the capital and all urban areas of the country respectively. Despite the increasing trend in urban sanitation coverage in Ethiopia, it is far from the MDG target and the majority of urban residents are living under severe health and environmental risks. The urban poor are the ones mainly excluded from the basic sanitation services. Most sanitation facilities (about 91%) in Addis Ababa are onsite sanitation that requires pit emptying nevertheless 85.4% of the residents dissatisfied with the pit emptying services. As results of the severe constraints of pit emptying and FSM services, most toilet facilities (about 50%) were full. The FSM system is totally ineffective to tackle environmental pollution and public health risks. This calls an urgent action towards the development of integrated FSM system that ensures environmental safety and targets valorization of human waste
Abstract: In the faces of alarming urbanization and the high demand for basic sanitation, there are debts that urban sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa has been steadily improving in one hand and worsening on the other hand in the recent decades. The objective of this research was to investigate the status of urban sanitation coverage in relation to Millennium...
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Assessment of the Sanitary Conditions of Catering Establishments and Food Safety Knowledge and Practices of Food Handlers in Addis Ababa University Students’ Cafeteria
Asrat Meleko,
Andualem Henok,
Worku Tefera,
Tafesse Lamaro
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
733-743
Received:
25 July 2015
Accepted:
6 August 2015
Published:
19 August 2015
Abstract: Background: Every institution which provides food for a large group of consumers has the responsibility to keep the safety and wholesomeness of food otherwise it may result outbreaks of food borne illness. The most identified contributing factors of food borne illness in mass catering establishments were cross contamination, dirty work environment and poor personal hygiene practice by food handlers. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the sanitary conditions of catering establishments and food safety knowledge and practices of food handlers in Addis Ababa University students’ cafeterias. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January, 2014 to May, 2014. A total of 12 student catering establishments from 7 campuses were studied for sanitary condition of premises and a total of 302 food handlers were assessed for knowledge and practice statuses. For data collection questionnaires and appropriate checklists were used. Bacteriological examination was made from all catering premises following appropriate standard procedures. The data was entered by using EPI INFO version 3.5.1 and cleaned before transferring to SPSS version 17 statistical packages which was used for data management and analysis. Results: Majority, 212(70.2%), of food handlers were females and their median age were 29. Among the 302 subjects, 197 (65.2%) of them had food hygiene training. All, 302 (100%), of food handlers were literate and 283 (93.7%) of them had adequate knowledge of food borne diseases. Twelve of premises had a clean wall and ceiling in their kitchen and dining rooms. Similarly all premises had openable window, adequate light and adequate ventilation. E. coli were not identified at all and in 1 (2.8%) of swabbed utensils S. aureus were identified. Practice scores revealed that 52.3% of food handlers had a poor food handling practice. Conclusion: This study revealed that the repair and sanitary conditions of premises were in a good condition. Nearly half of food handlers had a poor food handling practice. Provision of training and basic sanitary facilities by management is recommended
Abstract: Background: Every institution which provides food for a large group of consumers has the responsibility to keep the safety and wholesomeness of food otherwise it may result outbreaks of food borne illness. The most identified contributing factors of food borne illness in mass catering establishments were cross contamination, dirty work environment ...
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Healthcare Workers' Perceptions Towards Hospital Leadership and Institutional Structure in Chiro and Gelemso Hospitals, West Hararghe Zone, East Ethiopia
Ayalew Aklilu,
Shimels Hussien,
Kumlachew Abate,
Yonas Girma,
Shimeles Ololo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
744-751
Received:
3 July 2015
Accepted:
22 July 2015
Published:
19 August 2015
Abstract: Background: Institutional structure, also called institutional formation is defined as the components and resources that an institution has to deliver its services and generate external support. Until recently, human resources have been overlooked during the course of health sector reforms. The perception of health worker towards institutional structure and leadership have an enormous impact for the successful implementation of health sector reform thus identifying factors that affect their perception have a significant importance for amending some of the organizational structure and advancing strategies to achieve organizational goals. And identifying factors that affect perception of health workers have eminent roles for mangers in order to improve and create a motivated health care provider. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess and determine factors that affect the perception of healthcare Workers towards the institutional structure and Leadership. Methods: A cross sectional quantitative survey was undertaken on 204 health workers from April 15 – 30, 2012. Self administered structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS Version 16. Multiple linear regressions were applied once after the assumptions checked. Result: This study showed that the overall perception of institutional structure and leadership is 37.2% and 31.6% respectively. About 59.3% of the respondents perceived that their Hospital did not give enough emphasis on the quality of service it provides and 69.6% of the health workers perceived that there were inadequate facilities. Educational status and place of work have shown association for the perception of health workers towards institutional structure while position was the only predictor for perception of health workers towards institutional leadership. Conclusion and Recommendation: Seeing the overall perception of health workers towards institutional structure and leadership was very low, promoting health workers based on their performance and strengthening Facilities infrastructure is decisive
Abstract: Background: Institutional structure, also called institutional formation is defined as the components and resources that an institution has to deliver its services and generate external support. Until recently, human resources have been overlooked during the course of health sector reforms. The perception of health worker towards institutional stru...
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Cultural Malpractices During Pregnancy, Child Birth and Postnatal Period Among Women of Child Bearing Age in Limmu Genet Town, Southwest Ethiopia
Tadesse Nigussie Tola,
Andualem Henok Tadesse
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
752-756
Received:
30 July 2015
Accepted:
10 August 2015
Published:
21 August 2015
Abstract: Back ground: Everyday, at least 800 women die worldwide from the complications of pregnancy & child birth, 90% of which occurring in Asia & Sub Saharan Africa. These shows, maternal death in developing country is high. One of the contributing factors for these problems is cultural malpractices during pregnancy and child birth. The actual incidence of cultural malpractices in developing countries accounts at about 5-15% of maternal deaths. Objective: To assess prevalence and factors associated with cultural malpractice practiced during pregnancy, child birth and postnatal period among women of child bearing age in Limmu Genet town, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted to determine prevalence and factors associated with cultural malpractices that take place during pregnancy, child birth and postnatal period among women of the reproductive age group. The study was conducted from June to September 2014. Data was collected by using interviewer administered pretested questionnaire by trained high school students. The collected data was entered to Epidata 3.1 and transported to SPSS version 17 for data analysis. Data was presented by using tables and graphs. The association between variables was tested by using X2 test with a p-value of less than 0.05 was used to declare the significance of the association. Result: Out of 303 women 58(19.1%) practiced nutritional taboo, 67(22%) women practiced abdominal massage and 116(38.3%) delivered their babies at home, 33(28.4%) washed their babies immediately after birth and 26(22.41%) did not give collostrum to new born. Educational status was significantly associated with nutritional taboo, abdominal massage, home delivery and avoiding colostrum feeding to new born. Conclusion: The prevalence of cultural malpractices during pregnancy, delivery and postpartum in the study area was high. Therefore health education and promoting formal female education are important to decrease or avoid these cultural malpractices.
Abstract: Back ground: Everyday, at least 800 women die worldwide from the complications of pregnancy & child birth, 90% of which occurring in Asia & Sub Saharan Africa. These shows, maternal death in developing country is high. One of the contributing factors for these problems is cultural malpractices during pregnancy and child birth. The actual incidence ...
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Seroprevalence of Infectious Makers on Blood Donors at the Blood Bank of Bertoua Regional Hospital (Cameroon)
Marcellin Guiaro Ndoe,
Octavie Danielle Moankong Fak,
Armel Herve Nwabo Kamdje,
Charles Fokunang Ntungwen,
Alexandre Michel Njan Nloga
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
757-760
Received:
6 August 2015
Accepted:
13 August 2015
Published:
21 August 2015
Abstract: The present study was aimed at optimizing the transfusion security of the patients, we determined the seroprevalence of transferable infections by the blood transfusion notably the HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and the syphilis among the blood donors at the blood bank of regional hospital of Bertoua to reduce meaningfully their impact in hospitable environment. We performed a prospective transversal survey on 429 Blood donors from the 1st January 2013 to 1st January 2014. We included 371 men (86.48%) and 38 women (13.52%). During this survey, we noted that, the most large part of blood donation was given by family members of patients with a seroprevalence of 58.04% compared to volunteers donors (23.78%) and remunerated donors (18.18%). The infections seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and Syphilis has been estimated to 5.13%, 6.76%, 4.2% and 0.46% respectively. These results showed that it was necessary to put an accent on the pre-donation stages; cross-examination of the blood donor (research of information able to annul the blood donation), verification of the biological parameters (blood type rhesus, the hemoglobin rate and research of the infectious makers) to reduce the residual risks of these infections by the blood transfusion.
Abstract: The present study was aimed at optimizing the transfusion security of the patients, we determined the seroprevalence of transferable infections by the blood transfusion notably the HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and the syphilis among the blood donors at the blood bank of regional hospital of Bertoua to reduce meaningfully their impact in hospitable...
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Dementia and the Gap in Nutrition: A Review
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
761-769
Received:
30 July 2015
Accepted:
13 August 2015
Published:
27 August 2015
Abstract: Dementia is a disease that is common among elderly all over the world and has shown increase trend based on the WHO estimate. Nutritional status of patients with dementia is greatly affected because dementia patients in the late stage have problem with feeding, swallowing, and there is always increase risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition in dementia patient result in compromised immune system, impaired wound-healing, increased risk of hospitalisation and increase rate of death. Feeding difficulties and malnutrition is one of the complications associated with advanced dementia in elderly and it needs urgent attention so as to prevent other problems such as dehydration and infection. Nurses are responsible for bridging the gap in nutrition both in hospital settings and in home care so, adequate understanding and intervention of the problem is required. Nurses should design a way of helping these patients to feed well and also train other health assistants to do so. The objective of the paper is to review different ways of helping dementia patients to bridge the gap in nutrition and how malnutrition can be detected early in dementia patients.
Abstract: Dementia is a disease that is common among elderly all over the world and has shown increase trend based on the WHO estimate. Nutritional status of patients with dementia is greatly affected because dementia patients in the late stage have problem with feeding, swallowing, and there is always increase risk of malnutrition. Malnutrition in dementia ...
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Evaluation of the Periodontal Status of Rural Populations in the Ferlo (Senegal)
Diouf Massamba,
Boetsch Gilles,
Cissé Daouda,
Tal-Dia Anta,
Barro Ibrahima,
Bonfil Jean Jacques
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
770-774
Received:
14 August 2015
Accepted:
31 August 2015
Published:
9 September 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Rural populations in the Ferlo, Senegal, are frequently studied, due to the environmental project, the “Great Green Wall,” that covers this area. Epidemiological studies on lifestyle suggested the risk of periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of the Widou populations in the Ferlo. Methods: This is descriptive cross-sectional study examined 300 men and women over 10 years of age living in the locality of Widou in the Ferlo. They were selected by simple random sampling. Data on demographic characteristics and periodontal status were collected using a modified WHO questionnaire about assessment of periodontal health. Univariate and bivariate analyses based on sextants and individuals as units of analysis, were used to describe and compare variables. The results were considered statistically significant when a p-value was ≤ 5%. Results: The low and average plaque levels involved 58-99% of the sample. Between 50% and 75% of those examined showed average and moderate gingival inflammation. More than half of the sample needed curettage, especially in the posterior sextants. The average values of loss of attachment and pocket depth respectively ranged from 1.03 (± 1.72) mm to 2.36 (± 2.45) mm and 3.59 (± 0.80) mm to 4.3 (± 1.02) mm. Severe periodontitis was significantly associated with sex, age group, marital status and occupation. Conclusion: These results suggest the need to set up functional dental health care structures near the populations and to provide a community-level integrated prevention program.
Abstract: Introduction: Rural populations in the Ferlo, Senegal, are frequently studied, due to the environmental project, the “Great Green Wall,” that covers this area. Epidemiological studies on lifestyle suggested the risk of periodontal disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the periodontal status of the Widou populations in the Ferlo. Meth...
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Maternal and Infant Factors Associated with Child Growth in the First Year of Life
Mahama Saaka,
Irene Abaah
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
775-781
Received:
31 August 2015
Accepted:
15 September 2015
Published:
24 September 2015
Abstract: Aim: To assess the predictors associated with infant length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) in the first year of life. This paper presents the relative contribution of maternal and child factors to child growth among children aged 6-12 months in an urban area of Northern Region of Ghana. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study design in which systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants, who sought post natal care services in selected hospitals within Tamale Metropolis. The association between LAZ and explanatory variables (maternal height, birth weight, infant and child feeding practices) was assessed using both bivariate and multiple linear regression analyses. Results: The mean age of the children was 8.6±1.9 months and 53.8 % were in the 6-8 months age group. The mean dietary diversity score (DDS) was 4.18±1.69 for children aged 6-12 months. Nearly 70.0 % of the children had adequate meal frequency, 73.0 % met the minimum dietary diversity (≥ 4 food groups) and 57.5 % of the children met the minimum acceptable diet. The greatest predictors of mean LAZ were maternal height, low birth weight (LBW), whether child is wasted or not and the consumption of specific foods groups by the child. A 1-unit increase in weight for length z-score (WLZ) was associated with 0.156 decrease in length for age z-score (LAZ) [beta = -0.156 (95% CI: -0.26, -0.03)] among infants 6 to 8 months of age after controlling for LBW and maternal height. Among children 9-12 months, a unit increase in weight for length z-score (WLZ) was associated with 0.182 decrease in length for age z-score (LAZ) [beta = -0.182 (95% CI: -0.32, -0.04)]. The nature and strength of association between LBW and mean LAZ was different according to the age group of the child. Among children aged 6-8 months, the mean LAZ of LBW children were significantly higher than that of children whose birth weight was normal. For children aged 9-12 months, LBW children had lower mean LAZ compared to children with birth weight of at least 2.5 kg (beta coefficient = -0.320, p < 0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, the effect of birth weight and maternal height on LAZ depended on the age of the child. The data do suggest that between the ages of 6-8 months, LBW babies may be growing faster in length than non-LBW babies. However, from 9-12 months non-LBW babies grow faster than LBW babies.
Abstract: Aim: To assess the predictors associated with infant length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) in the first year of life. This paper presents the relative contribution of maternal and child factors to child growth among children aged 6-12 months in an urban area of Northern Region of Ghana. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study design in which systemat...
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Bacteriological and Physicochemical Quality of Drinking Water Sources and Household Water Handling Practice Among Rural Communities of Bona District, Sidama Zone-Zouthern, Ethiopia
Abebe Berhanu,
Dejene Hailu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
782-789
Received:
26 August 2015
Accepted:
12 September 2015
Published:
13 October 2015
Abstract: Background: Water quality and the risk to waterborne diseases are critical public health concerns in many developing countries. Today, close to a billion people most living in the developing world do not have access to safe and adequate water supply. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of drinking water sources and water handling practices at household level among rural communities in Bona District of Sidama Zone. Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was conducted to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical qualities of drinking water at source and to assess water handling practice of households. Data were collected using WHO’s sanitary survey checklist and rapid water testing kit to assess bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of water source and questionnaire to assess water handling practice of randomly selected 604 households. Results: Majority (86 %) of the protected springs and wells in the study area did not fulfill the WHO’s criteria for drinking water quality standards. Water schemes with high sanitary risk scores had high number of E. coli/100 ml of sample water. Majority (73.5%) of the respondents didn’t treat their water at household level, 64.4% of the respondents washed their hands before collecting water, 77.5% of the respondents washed their water container regularly and 74.7% had covered for their water collection container. Respondents who can read and write and those who completed at least a secondary education were more likely to safely handle water at home compared to illiterates, AOR=3.0 (95%CI: 1.5,6.04) and AOR=8.5 (95% CI:1.1,65.7), respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that protected water sources used by the community in Bona District were subject to contamination and household water handling practices were poor. It is recommended that concerned bodies, such as NGO’s working in WASH projects, Bona district Water and Health Offices need to take appropriate action.
Abstract: Background: Water quality and the risk to waterborne diseases are critical public health concerns in many developing countries. Today, close to a billion people most living in the developing world do not have access to safe and adequate water supply. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical qualit...
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Importance of Free Medical Camps in Exposing Rural Communities' Dental Health Issues and Mitigating Morbidity Associated with Dental Caries
Misigo Dennis Mwala,
Mwongera Moses Kimathi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
790-796
Received:
13 August 2015
Accepted:
4 October 2015
Published:
19 October 2015
Abstract: Background: The study was conducted at IL-polei in Laikipia North, Kenya. The study aimed at determining the susceptibility to dental caries and oral health status, targeting children and teenagers between the ages of 3-17 years old attending a medical camp in the month of September in 2014. The study was designed as a community based cross-sectional descriptive study where questionnaires were administered to children, the guardians and parents of the children attending the dental section of the medical camp. The clean and verified data was then entered into an Excel computer database and later transferred into SPSS for analysis. Results: A total of 256 children and teenagers were interviewed, medically examined and saliva samples were successful transported to microbiology lab in KeMU. As observed none had a routine visits to a dentist and the practices related to oral hygiene were not satisfactory. The prevalence of dental caries gradually increased with age and those who were highly susceptible to dental caries were teenagers older than 12 years of age (71.9%). Males had a clinically higher prevalence of caries (75%) than females. Also noted was that an ancient practice of using stick brushes is still the preferred method of choice for cleaning teeth (75.6%). The physical observation of decayed teeth was collaborated by the laboratory findings. Oral health personnel were absent in the rural clinics and dispensaries and hence played no major role (2.4%) in educating the community on dental hygiene. Conclusion: we need to strengthen community based dental care services for children and teenagers in IL-Polei and other rural centres with similar characteristics. The study has demonstrated that oral health problems are still predominant in the rural areas where dental services are neglected. In addition, medical camp organisers should also add onto their list of the services, items and activities that will encourage the implementation of good oral health practices because such activities can help in elimination of potential oral health issues before they become a problem and cause future suffering in children.
Abstract: Background: The study was conducted at IL-polei in Laikipia North, Kenya. The study aimed at determining the susceptibility to dental caries and oral health status, targeting children and teenagers between the ages of 3-17 years old attending a medical camp in the month of September in 2014. The study was designed as a community based cross-section...
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Beta-lactamases and Their Global Health Implications-Two: Resistance Profile and Global Health Risk
Sunday Akidarju Mamza,
Godwin Onyemaechi Egwu,
Gideon Dauda Mshelia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
797-803
Received:
4 September 2015
Accepted:
23 September 2015
Published:
19 October 2015
Abstract: Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria, which make them resistant to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins and carbapenems. In this article, global health implications, resistance profile and treatment options were reviewed. Extended-spectrum β–lactamases produced by enterobacteria and methicillinases produced by Staphylococci have been shown to constitute the growing strains of bacteria that confer resistances to all β–lactam agents and many non–β–lactam antimicrobials, including fluoroquinolones. Their continued detection in animal species and food products poses a great challenge to diagnosis and treatment of resulting infections, thus, emanating to serious global health implications. Although a lot of works on β-lactamases have been directed towards the search for molecules which can inhibit these enzymes, the beta-lactamase producting bacteria are not leaving any stone to chance. Investigations targeted at identifying the carriers of these enzymes and intercepting their transmission will help curb the emergence and spread of the β–lactamases and their menace to public health.
Abstract: Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by some bacteria, which make them resistant to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins and carbapenems. In this article, global health implications, resistance profile and treatment options were reviewed. Extended-spectrum β–lactamases produced by enterobacteria and methicillinases ...
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The Prevalence and Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed with Osteogenesis Imperfecta at the Zambia Italian Orthopedics Hospital Community Based Rehabilitation Project
Stella Kabengo,
Esther Munalula-Nkandu,
James C. Munthali,
Loveness A. Nkhata,
Hastings Shula
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, September 2015
Pages:
804-807
Received:
4 September 2015
Accepted:
25 September 2015
Published:
19 October 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare condition that can be very disabling. It is an inherited disease of the bones, which is characterized by fragility that causes affected individuals to have recurrent fractures that subsequently lead to pain, deformity and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Osteogenesis Imperfecta and identify the common deformities and treatment methods used in managing affected individuals at the Zambia Italian Orthopedics Hospital. Methods: This was a retrospective cross sectional survey. A data capture sheet was used to collect data from records and descriptive trend analysis was done in excel. Results: We identified 18 patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta out of 8250. The age range was 1 to 17 years. Eighty-three percent (n=15) of these patients had deformities which included; bowed lower limbs, scoliosis and other related complications. All the patients underwent surgery at one point in time and received physiotherapy. Conclusion: The prevalence of Osteogenesis Imperfecta at the Zambia Italian Orthopaedics Hospital Community Based Rehabilitation Project is low. Surgery is the most commonly used method of treatment coupled with physiotherapy. Though uncommon, the condition is expensive to manage for both the institution and affected individuals’ families. This is as a result of repeated surgeries and prolonged physiotherapy.
Abstract: Introduction: Osteogenesis Imperfecta is a rare condition that can be very disabling. It is an inherited disease of the bones, which is characterized by fragility that causes affected individuals to have recurrent fractures that subsequently lead to pain, deformity and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Osteogenesis...
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