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Perception of Harmful Traditional Practices Among Women of Childbearing Age in Oru West Local Government Area, Imo State
Olaoluwa Samson Agbaje,
Benedicta Ndidi Agu,
Kenechukwu Chinenye Osakwe
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
150-160
Received:
17 January 2015
Accepted:
1 February 2015
Published:
9 February 2015
Abstract: Harmful traditional practices pose severe health risks to girls and women. Women’s perception of harmful traditional practices may assist in their eradication or perpetuate them. There is paucity of research on perception of harmful traditional practices among women in Oru West LGA, Imo State. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised 31,838 registered women of child bearing age who registered for ANCs from January, 2014 to September, 2014 in Oru West LGA, Imo State at the time of study. A sample of 384 women of childbearing age was used for the study. The multistage sampling procedure was adopted to select the sample. The instrument for data collection was a structured Questionnaire on Perception of Harmful Traditional Practices among Women. The questionnaire was validated by three experts. Reliability co-efficient of the instrument was 0.81. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20). The results showed that 49.3 per cent of women perceived identified traditional practices as harmful to women. Age of women had influence on perceived harmful traditional practices while no significant difference was found in the perception of harmful traditional practices based on women’s level of education. This study envisages that harmful traditional practices are prevalent in different cultural backgrounds in Nigeria with attendant health risks for girls and women. Potential interventions include: Public health promotion activities such as advocacy, economic empowerment and capacity building programmes for women and girls particularly in rural communities.
Abstract: Harmful traditional practices pose severe health risks to girls and women. Women’s perception of harmful traditional practices may assist in their eradication or perpetuate them. There is paucity of research on perception of harmful traditional practices among women in Oru West LGA, Imo State. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted fo...
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Factors Associated to Job Satisfaction Among Healthcare Workers at Public Hospitals of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study
Mulugeta Mekuria Mengistu,
Ayele Geleto Bali
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
161-167
Received:
21 January 2015
Accepted:
29 January 2015
Published:
9 February 2015
Abstract: Background: Health services are affected by a number of factors including availability of human resources, health infrastructures and health delivery system. Human resource is a vital component in delivering health services. Health systems cannot function effectively without sufficient numbers of skilled and motivated health workers. Job satisfaction can build up employee motivation and performance which will increase productivity and efficiency. The main aim of this study is to assess job satisfaction and associated factors among health workers at public hospitals in west Shoa zone of Oromia Region. Methods: Facility based cross-sectional study was conducted among 166 randomly selected health workers from public hospitals of west Shoa zone. Data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaires, entered into epidata and analyzed with SPSS software. Multivariable logistic regression with 95% CI at P ≤ 0.05 was used to assess associated factors to job satisfaction.Result:Atotalof166healthworkersparticipatedwithresponserateof100.0%.The result showed that 65.1% of health workers were dissatisfied with their job. The major reasons reported for dissatisfaction were poor payment scheme, lack of training opportunity, and lack of incentives, bureaucratic management style, poor performance evaluation system and poor working conditions. The correlation between the different aspects of job satisfaction was found to be significant. Age of respondents, profession, level of education, future intention, service year and participation in decision making were found to be significantly associated with job satisfaction. Conclusion: Majority of the study participants in our study were dissatisfied with their job. The great deal of the health workers job dissatisfaction was attributed to hospital bureaucratic management style. Managers and policy makers should give due consideration on health workers job satisfaction if they really want to achieve their goals and objectives.
Abstract: Background: Health services are affected by a number of factors including availability of human resources, health infrastructures and health delivery system. Human resource is a vital component in delivering health services. Health systems cannot function effectively without sufficient numbers of skilled and motivated health workers. Job satisfacti...
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Critical Segments in the Dissemination and Transmission of Salmonella Species from Poultry Production in Calabar, Nigeria
Nchawa Yangkam Yhiler,
Bassey Enya Bassey
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
168-174
Received:
9 January 2015
Accepted:
18 January 2015
Published:
11 February 2015
Abstract: Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species to humans. A total of 374 samples were collected from three study segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar, within the period of August 2013 and May 2014. 170 samples were collected from different points in poultry environment which includes (feed from feeders, water from drinkers, litter/faeces from floor, abattoir reins and drag swab from wall); 136 samples were taken from the live birds (cloacal swab, gut, carcass and egg); and 68 samples were derived from poultry handlers (stool specimens and hand wash). The samples were collected aseptically and analysed for the presence of Salmonella species based on the ISO 6579:2002 involving standard bacteriological, biochemical and serologic techniques. The Chi-square, student t-test and simple descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data obtained in this study at 95% confidence level. Salmonella species were recovered from 221 (59.1%) of the examined samples involved in the production of poultry in Calabar. There was no significant statistical difference in the rate of recovery of Salmonella species from the poultry environmental segment (58.8%), bird segment (55.1%) and poultry handlers segment (67.6%) (P = 0.230), implying that these three segments are equally important in the maintenance, dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species. Salmonella species were recovered from all the study sample points implying that all the study poultry sample points are sources of Salmonella species. However, the highest recovery rate of Salmonella species was observed in the stool sample points of poultry handlers (91.2%) and poultry gut sample points (79.4%) which were significantly different from the rest of the poultry sample points (P = 0.021), implying that these two sample points are the major sources of Salmonella species and are critical in the dissemination and transmission of Salmonella species.
Abstract: Salmonella species are ubiquitous enteric bacteria, its ability to survive at different stages of the poultry production and food processing chain has been frequently reported in recent years. The present study was undertaken to investigate the points in the segments involved in the production of poultry in Calabar as vital sources of dissemination...
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Determinant Factors of Male Involvement in Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness at Mekelle Town; a community Based Study
Haftom Gebrehiwot Weldearegay
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
175-180
Received:
1 January 2015
Accepted:
15 January 2015
Published:
13 February 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Every pregnant woman faces risk of life-threatening obstetric complications. A birth-preparedness package promotes active preparation and assists in decision-making for healthcare seeking in case of such complications. The main objective of this study was to assess the determinant factors of male involvement on birth preparedness and complication readiness at Mekelle town. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October/2014 among 376 husbands/male whose wives was delivered within the last 12 months at Mekelle town northern part of Ethiopia. Multi stage stratified sampling technique with Probabilities proportional to size was used. Study subjects again were selected by systematic random sampling technique from 6 randomly selected kebelle’s in the town. Data was collected using structured interview questionnaire and entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPPS version 20.00. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to avoid any confounding variables. Results: A total of 376 husbands were participated in the study with 95% response rate. About 60% of the husbands had participated in birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP/CR). The study revealed that husbands were more likely to participate in birth preparedness if they had better knowledge in postnatal danger signs (AOR= 4.29, 95% CI: 1.54-11.94) and with good (AOR=9.05, 95% CI=4.27-19.18) & better knowledge on birth preparedness (AOR=16.50, 95% CI=7.25-37.58). Conclusion & Recommendation: Male involvement in birth preparedness and complication readiness is still low in this study. But there is slightly better knowledge on postnatal danger signs and knowledge on birth preparedness and complication readiness. Thus, male awareness in postnatal danger signs and birth preparedness should be increased by local and other concerned bodies to make husbands to share in birth preparedness.
Abstract: Introduction: Every pregnant woman faces risk of life-threatening obstetric complications. A birth-preparedness package promotes active preparation and assists in decision-making for healthcare seeking in case of such complications. The main objective of this study was to assess the determinant factors of male involvement on birth preparedness and ...
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Level of Mental Health Service Integration in Primary Health Care Units in Debre Markos Town, Ethiopia, 2014
Celia Sanchez,
Nurilign Abebe Moges
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
181-190
Received:
28 January 2015
Accepted:
10 February 2015
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Mental health disorders in low and middle income countries contribute to roughly 10% of the global burden of disease. In rural areas especially, lower access to care and lack of health services contributes to failure to get proper care and treatment for conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation. In settings where resources are low, mental health services from primary health care settings would allow for better detection and intervention strategies. Thus, this study aims to assess the current level of mental health integration in the primary care setting as a baseline for future improvement. Methods: A cross sectional study design using a literature review was conducted on the current mental health status of Ethiopia as well as previous strategies for integration of mental health in primary care. Next, quantitative data was collected from 2 primary care units in Debre Markos town in order to determine mental health utilization under the current health strategies. Program information was collected from a health professional within each primary health care unit along with observational data and document review. Referral data from the Debre Markos reference hospital was also collected in order to assess referral utilization. Results: Attempts for mental health integration into the primary care system are evident through policies of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. However, the implementation is recent and the capacity for training and services is low. Low levels of mental health integration were recorded in the primary care setting. Areas of improvement include education and training for primary health care worker and communication between primary and secondary health care systems. Conclusion and Recommendations: Training for mental health services in primary care units is poor. It is recommended greater education and training for the various disorders including epilepsy, substance abuse, and depression are addressed. In addition, funding is necessary to increase utilization, education, and to reduce stigma among mental health patients.
Abstract: Introduction: Mental health disorders in low and middle income countries contribute to roughly 10% of the global burden of disease. In rural areas especially, lower access to care and lack of health services contributes to failure to get proper care and treatment for conditions such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation....
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The Health Insurance Coverage for Chinese Medicine Services in Taiwan
Brad S. Yen,
Lin Jaung-Geng
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
191-198
Received:
24 September 2014
Accepted:
26 January 2015
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: The voluminous amount of research on and widespread access to Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is indicative of the growing acceptance of traditional medicine (TM) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in many countries. However, Taiwan is one of the few countries in which insurance companies cover the expenses incurred for traditional medicine services. Meanwhile, relative literature documenting the establishment of the Chinese medicine service is also rarely seen. The aim of this article is to present a historical outline of the major events that led to coverage for Chinese medicine services by the Bureau of National Health Insurance in Taiwan. This study may provide other countries with a more complete understanding of how to found an appropriate medical insurance system that will cover indigenous medicine services.
Abstract: The voluminous amount of research on and widespread access to Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is indicative of the growing acceptance of traditional medicine (TM) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in many countries. However, Taiwan is one of the few countries in which insurance companies cover the expenses incurred for traditional...
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Knowledge and Attitude About Diabetes Mellitus and Its Associated Factors Among People in DebreTabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia: Cross Sectional Study
Achenef Asmamaw,
Getahun Asres,
Digsu Negese,
Abel Fekadu,
Gizachew Assefa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
199-209
Received:
30 January 2015
Accepted:
13 February 2015
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is recognized as one of the emerging public health problems in developing countries. However, people’s knowledge and attitude about diabetes mellitus have not been efficiently investigated in Ethiopia. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude about diabetes mellitus and its associated factors among people in Debre Tabor town, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among people age 18 years and above in Debre Tabor town during June 10 to August 20, 2014. A total of 832 participants were selected by systematic random sampling technique .Data were collected using a pretested structured Interviewer administered questionnaire and Epi info version 3.5.1 for data entry and SPSS version 20 for analysis used. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were used. Results: -Among 832 respondents, 408 (49%) participants had good knowledge and 329 (39.5%) participants had good attitude about diabetes mellitus. Educational status (Grade 1-8 AOR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.22-5.22, Grade 9-12 AOR=3.49, 95%CI: 1.68-7.22, and Certificate and above AOR=5.58;95%CI:2.73-11.44), family income per month (501-800Birr AOR=1.59,95%CI:1.07-2.40), 801-1450Birr AOR=1.61;95%CI:1.05-2.48, and ≥1451 Birr AOR=2.14; 95%CI:1.36-3.36) and family history of diabetes mellitus (AOR=3.89,95%CI :1.27-11.88) were significantly associated with good knowledge about diabetes mellitus. Educational status (Grade 1-8 AOR =2.53, 95 %CI: 1.24- 5.16, Grade 9-12 AOR=2.17, 95 % CI: 1.08-4.31 and Certificate and above AOR=3. 39, 95 % CI: 1.78-6.47) was significantly associated with good attitude towards diabetes mellitus. Conclusion and recommendation:-This study revealed a limited status in good knowledge and low in good attitude about Diabetes Mellitus. Comprehensive community based health education program about diabetes mellitus is necessary to improve this situation.
Abstract: Background: Diabetes mellitus is recognized as one of the emerging public health problems in developing countries. However, people’s knowledge and attitude about diabetes mellitus have not been efficiently investigated in Ethiopia. Objective: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude about diabetes mellitus and its associated fa...
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Forgotten Roles of Health Services Provision in Poor Tanzania: Case of Faith Based Organizations’ Health Care Facilities in Dodoma Region
Mshana Zainabu M.,
Zilihona Innocent E.,
Canute Hyandye B.
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
210-215
Received:
22 December 2014
Accepted:
19 February 2015
Published:
2 March 2015
Abstract: Health services are vital for economic growth in Tanzania however; its provision is considered as forgotten role. This paper analyzed the problem of health services provision and the factors affecting its provision in poor Tanzania. The study was limited to Faith Based Organization’s (FBO’s) health care facilities of Dodoma region in Tanzania. A cross sectional research design and cluster sampling technique followed by simple random sampling technique was used during the study. Questionnaire survey, interview and participants observation methods were adopted to collect primary data from 394 respondents. Binary logistic regression model was used to determine the main factors affecting health services provision in FBO’s health care facilities of Dodoma region. Findings of this study revealed that health services provision in poor Tanzania are the roles that have been forgotten due to various problems existing in FBO’s health care facilities. These are; high costs of drugs, long distance from home to health care facilities, insufficient numbers of doctors and nurses, lack of medicine and long waiting time for treatment. The main factors leading to these problems were the presence of low budget in health sector, poor working environment, poor infrastructure, high running cost and business orientation notion. It is recommended that FBO’s should increase the budget in health sector as well as cooperating with the government to facilitate infrastructure and human resource improvement and maintenance.
Abstract: Health services are vital for economic growth in Tanzania however; its provision is considered as forgotten role. This paper analyzed the problem of health services provision and the factors affecting its provision in poor Tanzania. The study was limited to Faith Based Organization’s (FBO’s) health care facilities of Dodoma region in Tanzania. A cr...
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Utilization of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets Among Household in Malarious Areas of Raya Alamata District, Tigray, Ethiopia
Girmay Desta Araya,
Hailemariam Lemma Reda,
Azeb Gebresilassie Tesema
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
216-221
Received:
23 January 2015
Accepted:
19 February 2015
Published:
2 March 2015
Abstract: Background: Malaria in Ethiopia is one of the most important public health problems, with more than three-quarters of the landmass of the country and an estimated 68% of the total population is considered at risk of malaria infections. In the fight against this deadly disease, the country has deployed a massive amount of long lasting Insecticidal treated nets. Though this tremendous effort is outstanding, the distribution alone does not ensure the protection of the people from malaria. Thus, this study tried to assess the utilization of long lasting insecticidal nets and its associated factors among household in malarious areas of Raya Alamata District, Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Community based cross sectional study was used among 649 households from April to May, 2013. All households in malarious villages in Raya Alamata district with long lasting Insecticidal nets in their home were used and multistage sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. For day time face to face interview, structured questionnaire was used. Additionally, an observation checklist was used for early morning survey of the actual utilization. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression analysis were performed. Results: Among all households 445(68.6%) of them were utilize the long lasting Insecticidal treated nets. The proportion of under 5 children and pregnant women who slept under the net during early morning survey was 71.64 % and 69% respectively. The number of net in the households [AOR (95% CI) = 0.085 (0.26-0.281)], household’s marital status [AOR (95% CI) = 0.431 (0.186-0.997)] and occupation of the household head [AOR (95% CI) = 0.297 (0.113-0.781)] were the significant predicators for utilization of long lasting Insecticidal treated nets. Conclusions: Utilization of long lasting insecticidal nets in this study is low and there is a considerable discrepancy between the distribution and utilization of the net. Availability of number of nets among the households, occupational status the head of households and marital status of the household are the predictor variables for household’s utilization of the net.
Abstract: Background: Malaria in Ethiopia is one of the most important public health problems, with more than three-quarters of the landmass of the country and an estimated 68% of the total population is considered at risk of malaria infections. In the fight against this deadly disease, the country has deployed a massive amount of long lasting Insecticidal t...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Reproductive Health Among Ambo University Students in Ambo, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia, 2013/14
Mitsiwat Abebe Gebremichael,
Eshetu Ejeta Chaka
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
222-228
Received:
10 February 2015
Accepted:
21 February 2015
Published:
4 March 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Adolescent’s sexuality and Reproductive Health are generally not well addressed to protect them from unwanted pregnancies, complications of unsafe abortions and sexual transmitted infection including human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. Although the numbers of young people who need information and services are enormous, services are scarce, fragmented and nonexistent. Objective: To assess the level of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice towards reproductive health among students of Ambo university. Methods: Institutional based descriptive cross-sectional study design supplemented by qualitative in-depth interview was conducted among Ambo University students, Ambo, western Ethiopia from December to January 2013/14. Multistage sampling technique was implemented and sample size taken was 605. Data were collected using structured and pretested questionnaires and entered into EPI Info 3.5.1 then exported to SPSS Version 16 for analysis. Result: Respondent were mentioned different methods to prevent reproductive health problem, and from these 111(18.5%) mentioned condom, 44 (7.9%) Abstain as the method of choice while 322(53.7%) mentioned that they didn't know prevention methods. From the total students participated in the study 487(81.2%) have shown interest to use reproductive health service in the future and 350(84.7%) of the respondents wanted the establishment of reproductive health services within the university campus. 108(42%) of the respondents were started sex before the age of 18 years and only 6(2.4%) of the students were start sex after 24 years. 179(73.5%) of the students were not using contraceptive during the survey period Conclusion: the study showed that most the respondent didn't know reproductive health components, problems and as well didn't mention prevention methods. A great number of students were not used reproductive health services during the survey period; but there will be high demand to utilize reproductive health services. Recommendation: Since there was high demand on reproductive health services; Policy Makers(Program planners) should establish friendly reproductive health services within the university to increase coverage and prevent the students from reproductive health related problems and complications.
Abstract: Introduction: Adolescent’s sexuality and Reproductive Health are generally not well addressed to protect them from unwanted pregnancies, complications of unsafe abortions and sexual transmitted infection including human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. Although the numbers of young people who need information and services are enormous, services are sca...
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Assessment of Premarital Sexual Practices and Determinant Factors Among High School Students in West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Getabalew Endazenaw,
Mitsiwat Abebe
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
229-236
Received:
10 February 2015
Accepted:
1 March 2015
Published:
6 March 2015
Abstract: Background: Adolescents face fears, concerns and lack of understanding about their needs, thus asking for or seeking guidance and service is very difficult. Most of youth lack basic knowledge of reproductive anatomy, physiology, how pregnancy or STI/HIV occurs, how to prevent them or where to obtain information and services. Most adults fear that informing young adolescents about sex and teaching them how to protect them was make them sexually active. Objective: the objective of the study was to assess premarital sexual behavior and determinant factors among high school students in west shoa zone. Methodology: the study was conducted in West Shoa Zone Oromia Regional state by using cross sectional study design with structured self-administered questionnaire which supplemented by 3 focus group discussion. The collected data entered and analyzed by using EPinfo and SPSS software. Result: From a total of 843 students who were selected for the study, 828 were participated. One hundred thirty eight (16.7%) of the respondents were reported chat chewing, 552(66.7%) of the respondents were reported alcohol consumption and 322(38.9%) of the students were attended video. The majority of the respondents, 552 (66.7%) had ever sexual partner. Among those who had sexual partner, 506 of the students had ever sexual practice. Of the respondents who had sexual practice, 186(36.8%), 230(45.4%) of the respondents were less than 15 years and between 15 and 19 years of age at their first sexual exposure respectively. Among the socio-demographic variables, sex of the respondents (female), the respondent’s parent educational status and participants who have no pocket money as well as from the behavioral variables, students who did not talk with parent about sexual issues, students who drinking alcohol, participants who attending video/ movies, students who have no information about sexual issues were significantly associated with pre-marital sexual practice of the students. Conclusion and recommendation-In this study the premarital sexual practice and associated factors were assessed. Based on the finding of both qualitative and quantitative studies premarital and early sexual practice was commonly practiced by most school adolescents. Open discussion about sexual related issues and provide adequate and updated reproductive health related information through school health education, establishing reproductive health club in the school should be promoted.
Abstract: Background: Adolescents face fears, concerns and lack of understanding about their needs, thus asking for or seeking guidance and service is very difficult. Most of youth lack basic knowledge of reproductive anatomy, physiology, how pregnancy or STI/HIV occurs, how to prevent them or where to obtain information and services. Most adults fear that i...
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Researching Effects of Drawing on Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome with Architecture Students
Esra Dogru,
Mehmet Harun Kizilci,
Fatma Duman,
Nilufer Cetisli Korkmaz,
Ozden Canbay,
Bircan Yucekaya
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
237-241
Received:
10 February 2015
Accepted:
24 February 2015
Published:
9 March 2015
Abstract: Objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome is an important peripheral neuropathy in architecture students because of the working and writing position for long hours. The purpose of this study was assesing and comparing carpal tunnel syndrome signs in the first grade and fourth grade architecture students. Methods: 30 first grade and 30 fourth grade students were included in the study. Each patient was assessed with a questionnaire, muscle tests, pain assesment and examination signs (Phalen Test, Tinnel Test, Durkan Signs). Results: Some of the muscle test performances were better in first grade students compared to fourth grade students. There were more pain complaints with fourth grade students (p=0.003). There were statistically significant differences between the two groups in Phalen’s (p=0.001), Durkan’s (p=0.001) and Tinel’s signs (p=0.044). The fourth grade students’ signs were positive while first grade students’ were negative. Conclusions: Working long hours with wrong position of the hand causes carpal tunnel syndrome in architecture students. Ergonomic interventions, such as keyboard modifications, positioning the wrist is in a straight position and wrist exercises were recommended to prevent carpal tunnel syndrome in architecture students.
Abstract: Objectives: Carpal tunnel syndrome is an important peripheral neuropathy in architecture students because of the working and writing position for long hours. The purpose of this study was assesing and comparing carpal tunnel syndrome signs in the first grade and fourth grade architecture students. Methods: 30 first grade and 30 fourth grade student...
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Gender Norms and Family Planning Decision-Making Among Married Men and Women, Rural Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study
Dereje Geleta,
Zewdie Birhanu,
Michelle Kaufman,
Bezawit Temesgen
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
242-250
Received:
26 February 2015
Accepted:
4 March 2015
Published:
9 March 2015
Abstract: Family planning service contributes a lot in reduction of morbidity and mortality and it does more help couples to limit the number of their children. Women’s ability to control her on fertility strongly affected by social constructs of Gender role, expectations and gender inequalities. Objective: To explore influence of gender norms on family planning decision- making among married men and women, rural Ethiopia, 2013. Methods: A qualitative study using grounded approach was employed. Data collection included in-depth interview with key informants and focus group discussion as conducted with both married women and married men. Interview was done using a semi-structured interview guide with open-ended questions. Axial coding was employed. Codes were aggregated and memos are developed. Result: Different gender norms in the community were obstacles for family planning utilization in the community. Those different gender norms directly or being by complement with each other acts as the barriers of FP utilizations. Decision making power of men/husbands on family planning (needs for his consent by women/wives), seeing children as social prestige due to cultural beliefs, low status of women in community, undermine knowledge of women, limiting responsibility of women/wives to home, dominance of men/husbands on households, etc. Conclusion: Due to men’s dominance at the household level and other related factors, the role of women on family planning decision making was limited to merely accepting the decisions of their husbands. Furthermore due to men’s power of decision making the final decision was made based on the men’s interest.
Abstract: Family planning service contributes a lot in reduction of morbidity and mortality and it does more help couples to limit the number of their children. Women’s ability to control her on fertility strongly affected by social constructs of Gender role, expectations and gender inequalities. Objective: To explore influence of gender norms on family plan...
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Exclusive Breastfeeding up to Six Months is Very Rare in Tanzania: A Cohort Study of Infant Feeding Practices in Kilimanjaro Area
Tamara H. Hussein,
Melina Mgongo,
Jacqueline G. Uriyo,
Damian J. Damian,
Babill Stray-Pedersen,
Sia E. Msuya
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
251-258
Received:
9 February 2015
Accepted:
27 February 2015
Published:
10 March 2015
Abstract: Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended the first six months after birth as one of cost effective interventions in saving children's lives. Objective: To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and describe the common foods introduced to infants before 6months. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Poor community of Moshi urban, Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Subjects: Women in their third trimester and were followed to 18 months after delivery. A questionnaire was used to collect information on maternal socio-demographics, delivery status and infant feeding practices at each visit. Maternal HIV status was checked at enrolment. Results: Out of 2231 women, with a live birth, 70% (1535) came back at least once after delivery and information on infant feeding were collected. 94% of the women were living below the poverty line. The prevalence of EBF at 1, 3 and up to 6 months was 48.8%, 22.0% and 0.2% respectively. Two percent of the infants were given semi-solids at 1 month, 35% at 3 months and 95% at 5 months. Water and cow’s milk were the most common liquids introduced to infants by one month, while porridge, cow’s milk and mtori were commonly introduced at 3 months. Conclusions: EBF up to 6 month is very rare in Kilimanjaro. There is an urgent need to strengthen community and health facility based EBF interventions so as to reach the 90% recommended coverage by the WHO. This will help in improving child survival and in attaining the Millennium Development Goal 4.
Abstract: Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended the first six months after birth as one of cost effective interventions in saving children's lives. Objective: To determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding and describe the common foods introduced to infants before 6months. Design: A prospective cohort study. Setting: Poor community...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, Practice and Determinants of VCT Utilization for HIV/AIDS Among Ambo University Students, West Shoa Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia: Cross Sectional Study
Getabalew Endazenaw Bekele,
Ketema Kensa,
Mitswat Abebe,
Kokeb T/Mariam
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
259-264
Received:
10 February 2015
Accepted:
1 March 2015
Published:
10 March 2015
Abstract: Voluntary HIV counseling and Testing (VCT) is a process by which an individual undergoes counseling to enable informed about HIV status. The provision of voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) is an important part of any national prevention program. This study tried to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice determinants of voluntary counseling and testing utilization for HIV/AIDS of Ambo University students. Descriptive cross-sectional study design was implemented with multistage sampling apply in the study. There were 93.2 response rates in the study. Three hundred eight nine (51.9%) of the respondents have sexual experience, or ever had sexual intercourse; out of which 288 (38.4%) were males and the rest 101 (13.5%) were females. Among the total participants 504(67.2%) were used VCT services but 246(32.8%) were never used VCT service. Regarding the location of VCT service recommended, health facility, school and youth club were recommended by 337(49.7%), 310(41.3) and 219(29.2%) of the students respectively. There were different determinants those have statistical association with VCT service utilization include sex, batch, sexual exposure and knowledge of the students about VCT. Even though most of the students have adequate knowledge, attitude and practice still there is a gap in the participants KAP towards VCT utilization due to different determinants like sex, sexual exposure and their level of education (batch).
Abstract: Voluntary HIV counseling and Testing (VCT) is a process by which an individual undergoes counseling to enable informed about HIV status. The provision of voluntary HIV counseling and testing (VCT) is an important part of any national prevention program. This study tried to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice determinants of voluntary counse...
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Use of Isoniazid Preventive Therapy on HIV/AIDS Patient in a Tertiary Health Facility South Eastern Nigeria
Nwokeukwu Huldah Ijeoma,
Okorie Onuka,
Emma-Ukaegbu Uloaku,
Ukegbu Andrew,
Nwogu Kelechukwu,
Ajuogu Eno,
Osunkwo Damaris,
Asinobi Adanze
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
265-268
Received:
2 February 2015
Accepted:
19 February 2015
Published:
12 March 2015
Abstract: Introduction: The Human Immuno-deficiency virus / Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDs) is a very serious disease and pandemic. There have been series of interventions to combat the disease and these include, Prevention of mother to child transmission, HIV counseling and testing, treatment of HIV/AIDs with antiretroviral drugs and the three I’s which include Intensive case search, Infection control and Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT). There appears to be paucity of information on the IPT in our environment and it is therefore necessary to find out how the IPT has been implemented in this part of the world. Objective: To determine the number of Cases of HIV placed on IPT. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study in which the HIV patients who were placed on the IPT were identified and followed up. The situational analysis was carried out to identify those already placed on IPT. The next stage was training of the doctors on IPT and informing them on the importance of IPT in the management of HIV patients. Data tools were provided. A focal person was selected to fill these data tools to be able to get accurate number of HIV patients on IPT. Data was analyzed with Microsoft Excel and Epi. Info. Results: The total number of new cases of HIV seen from July to September 2013 was 218, of which (30% N=65) was started on IPT. Of the 65 that started the IPT only (63%, N=41) continued the second month. The number of suspected TB were (2.3% N=5). The number of cases of TB- Co infection (0.4% N=1). Conclusion: The IPT is being utilized in this health facility for prevention of TB in HIV/AIDs although at a low rate, however the creation of more awareness among Doctors and Patients and proper documentation, will further improve the uptake of IPT.
Abstract: Introduction: The Human Immuno-deficiency virus / Acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDs) is a very serious disease and pandemic. There have been series of interventions to combat the disease and these include, Prevention of mother to child transmission, HIV counseling and testing, treatment of HIV/AIDs with antiretroviral drugs and the thre...
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Knowledge About Danger Signs of Pregnancy and Associated Factors Among Pregnant Women in Debra Birhan Town, Central Ethiopia
Abayneh Akililu Solomon,
Negash Wakgari Amanta,
Endeshaw Admasu Chirkose,
Marta Berta Badi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
269-273
Received:
28 February 2015
Accepted:
7 March 2015
Published:
12 March 2015
Abstract: Background: Globally, attention to maternal health and safe motherhood has grown significantly to reduce maternal deaths which estimated to 289,000 in 2013. The sub-Saharan Africa countries account for 62% (179,000) of maternal deaths including Ethiopia. Little is known about knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy and its associated factors. Objective: This study aimed to assess the knowledge about danger signs of pregnancy and associated factors among pregnant women in Debra Birhan town, public health institutions, central Ethiopia, 2014. Methods: Institutional based cross sectional study was conducted in 2014, on the 355 pregnant women. Pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were entered to EpiInfo version 3.5.1 statistical package and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for further analysis. Logistic regression analyses were used to see the association of different variables. Results: 355 pregnant women participated in the study making a response rate of 100%. In this study, 137(38.6%) of the respondents were knowledgeable about danger signs during pregnancy. Being urban residence (AOR= 4.94, 95% CI: 2.97-8.21), educational level of grade 9-10 (AOR= 8.53, 95% CI: 2.47-29.48) and having attended diploma and above (AOR= 15.40; 95% CI: 3.74-63.40), having previous antenatal care follow up (AOR= 2.03, 95% CI: 1.07-3.86) were factors found to be significantly associated with knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy. Conclusion: This study revealed that the knowledge level of pregnant women about danger signs of pregnancy was not adequate. Being urban resident, educational level of grade 9-10, having attended diploma and above and having previous antenatal care follow up were significantly associated with knowledge about danger signs during pregnancy. Ministry of health should be strengthening reproductive health services in rural areas to get quality antenatal care follow up by designing an appropriate strategies including provision of targeted information, education and communication.
Abstract: Background: Globally, attention to maternal health and safe motherhood has grown significantly to reduce maternal deaths which estimated to 289,000 in 2013. The sub-Saharan Africa countries account for 62% (179,000) of maternal deaths including Ethiopia. Little is known about knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy and its associated factors. Ob...
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Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children
Fathia Mohamed El-Nemr,
Hassan Saeid Badr,
Mohamed Salah Salem
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
274-280
Received:
22 February 2015
Accepted:
9 March 2015
Published:
14 March 2015
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and associated risk factors among children were attended the general pediatric outpatient clinic of Menoufia University Hospital. Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most commonly seen developmental disorders, with significant impacts on the child's social, psychological, and scholastic functioning. Methods: The study was conducted on 600 children (5 - 12 years ) were attended the general pediatric outpatient clinic of Menoufia University Hospital . All studied patients were subjected to adequate history taking, full clinical examination, a questionnaire regarding socioeconomic, family and maternal variables and a parent-completed, ADHD Rating Scale of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms was used. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of probable ADHD in our study was 19.7%. and was higher in males than in females with a ratio 2.7:1. The most common type of probable ADHD was the combined type and the least frequent type was the inattentive type. There were many factors that were sought to be associated with increase possibility of developing ADHD. Conclusion: The present study shows a high prevalence of probable ADHD in children. our study also revealed that probable ADHD was associated with many risk factors, prevalence was high in the male sex, living in urban areas, low socioeconomic families, large family size, living with a single parent, family history of ADHD, preterm children, low birth weight and bottle fed children.
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and associated risk factors among children were attended the general pediatric outpatient clinic of Menoufia University Hospital. Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is the most commonly seen developmental disorders, ...
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Risk Factors for Hypertension among Adults. An Analysis of Survey Data on Chronic Non-Communicable Disease at Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center, South West Ethiopia
Tesfa Birlew,
Fessahaye Alemseged
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
281-290
Received:
8 December 2014
Accepted:
14 December 2014
Published:
18 March 2015
Abstract: Background: Population based survey study on hypertension risk factors among adults in Ethiopia are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess hypertension risk factors (socio-demographic and behavioural) among adults aged 15-64 years, at Gilgel gibe field research center, 2013. Methods: An analysis of population based cross-sectional survey data on chronic non-communicable diseases was carried on, between March and May 15, 2013 at the Field Center. Four thousand & fifty five individuals (hypertensive=303, non-hypertensive=3752) were involved for analysis. Principal investigator together with data miner extracts the required data. Bivariate analysis of the association between the explanatory and outcome variable were carried out and assessed using Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval; variables in a binary screening found at p-value ≤ 0.25 candidate, and then Multiple logistic regression analysis employed to find out significant socio-behavioural factors associated with being hypertensive, employing Statistical Program for Social Science version 20.0. Result: Four thousand and fifty five (90.7%) out of the planned sample engross in the analysis (hypertensive =7.5%; women 179 (4.4%; Non-hypertensive = 92.5%). And the age groups of 45-54 years were substantial number of suffering hypertension 67(7.8%). Female, able to read and write only, alcohol binge women and vigorous recreational exercise were predictors of hypertension. Men and urban residents were less likely to be hypertensive (Odd Ratio =0.74 and, 0.82, respectively). Current Khat chew was highest among hypertensive (Odd Ratio =1.07(95%CI: 0.84-1.36). Reported risk factor: low fruit &/ or vegetable serve was the highest both in normotensive (42%) & 43% in hypertensive, and total level of physical inactivity was the lowest among hypertensive (1.7%), and current alcohol consumption 5.5% among normotensive. The results of bivariate analysis illustrated female, alcohol binge women and vigorous exercise in leisure were statistically significant with Odd Ratio of (1.35, 6.12 and 2.03) times more likely hypertensive, respectively. Then multivariate analysis, denote the Odd Ratio value of being female was 1.32, able to read and write only 1.60, binge women 6.78 and vigorous recreational activity 2.61 times more likely to have the disease, in the current study. Conclusion & Recommendation: Socio-behavioural risk factors for hypertension were common, so provision of health education & setting up of and strength a surveillance system for hypertension and its risk factors and further extended studies including biological risk factors; is necessary to reduce the burden of hypertension, in the survey population.
Abstract: Background: Population based survey study on hypertension risk factors among adults in Ethiopia are lacking. The objective of this study was to assess hypertension risk factors (socio-demographic and behavioural) among adults aged 15-64 years, at Gilgel gibe field research center, 2013. Methods: An analysis of population based cross-sectional surve...
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Glimpses at the History of Sex Ratio Studies
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2015
Pages:
291-302
Received:
23 February 2015
Accepted:
9 March 2015
Published:
19 March 2015
Abstract: The sex ratio at birth (SR) is defined as the number of males per 100 females and is almost always around 106. John Graunt (1620–1674) was the first to compile data showing an excess of male births to female births and to note spatial and temporal variation in the SR. John Arbuthnot (1667–1735) demonstrated that the excess of males was statistically significant and asserted that the SR is uniform over time and space. Arbuthnot suggested that the regularity in the SR and the dominance of males over females must be an indication of divine providence. Nicholas Bernoulli’s (1695–1726) counter-argument was that chance could give uniform dominance of males over females. Later, Daniel Bernoulli (1700–1782), Pierre Simon de Laplace (1749–1827) and Siméon-Denis Poisson (1781–1840) also contributed to this discussion. Attempts have been made to identify factors influencing the SR, but comparisons demand large data sets. Attempts to identify associations between SRs and stillbirth rates have failed to yield consistent results. A common pattern observed in different countries is that during the first half of the twentieth century the SR showed increasing trends, but during the second half the trend decreased. A common opinion is that secular increases are caused by improved socio-economic conditions. The recent downward trends have been attributed to new reproductive hazards. Factors that affect the SR within families remain poorly understood. Although they have an effect on family data, they have not been identified in large national birth registers.
Abstract: The sex ratio at birth (SR) is defined as the number of males per 100 females and is almost always around 106. John Graunt (1620–1674) was the first to compile data showing an excess of male births to female births and to note spatial and temporal variation in the SR. John Arbuthnot (1667–1735) demonstrated that the excess of males was statisticall...
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