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Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and Associated Risk Factors at Red Cross Clinic and Chelaleki Health Center, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia
Addis Adera Gebru,
Birhan Alemnew Tamene,
Asmamaw Demis Bizuneh,
Yonas Yimam Ayene,
Zemenu Mengistie Semene,
Ambachew Woreta Hailu,
Tefera Nigussie,
Abdi Samuel,
Markos Kidane Assefa
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
445-452
Received:
27 April 2015
Accepted:
11 May 2015
Published:
27 May 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Intestinal parasites present throughout the world in various degree of prevalence are the major health problems in areas where there is overcrowding, poor environmental sanitation, and personal hygienic practice especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. They are known to cause major morbidity and mortality rate in these countries. This study will provide valuable information about the prevalence of intestinal parasites and help in designing effective preventive and control strategies in the study area. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the associated risk factors among patients requested for stool examination at Red Cross Clinic and Chelaleki Health Center, East Wollega Zone, Ethiopia. Method: A facility-based cross sectional study was conducted from April 02-23, 2014 at Red Cross Clinic and Chelaleki Health Center. 368 study subjects were included in the study using convenience sampling technique and the socio-demographic data of the study subjects were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Stool specimens were examined microscopically and data was analyzed using SPSS version 16.Result: A total of 368 stool specimens were collected of which 139(37.8%) respondents were affected with intestinal parasites and 229(62.2%) were not found any intestinal parasitic infection. The two most prevalent intestinal parasites in this study were E. histolytica (16.3%) and G. lamblia (9%). From the total positive cases, 50(50%) were in age group ≤14 years, 64(37%) in 15-29 years, 12(26.6%) in ≥45 years and 13(26%) in 30-44 years. Conclusion: In this study, children were highly affected than the other age groups and infections were caused by poor environmental and personal hygiene.
Abstract: Introduction: Intestinal parasites present throughout the world in various degree of prevalence are the major health problems in areas where there is overcrowding, poor environmental sanitation, and personal hygienic practice especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. They are known to cause major morbidity and mortality rate in these countr...
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Prevalence and Associated Factors of Alcohol Consumption Among College Students in Gondar Town, Northwest Ethiopia
Shewaye Yismaw,
Hassen Kebede
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
453-459
Received:
30 April 2015
Accepted:
15 May 2015
Published:
27 May 2015
Abstract: Background: Excessive alcohol drinking is an important risk factor for many socioeconomic and health problems. The use of alcohol during the teenage and young adulthood years is a common phenomenon in many societies. Thus the study was conducted with the objective of assessing the prevalence and associated factors of alcohol consumption among college students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to May, 2014 among college students in Gondar town. In this study, 454 questionnaires were distributed to Gondar College of teacher’s education and Gotoneal college of health sciences students and questionnaires were recollected to assess prevalence of alcohol consumption and associated factors. Result: A total of 454 students participated in the study and all the study participants gave response to the questions. From the survey, it was found that 48.23 % and 26.4 % of the respondents have the experience of alcohol use as ever based and during last thirty days of interview period, respectively. Alcohol consumption experience under differing categories were assessed and a statistically significant difference in alcohol consumption existed only between males (67.6 %, 34.1 %) and females (35.3 %, 21.32 %); Muslims (12.8 %, 10.3 %) and Christians (51.6 %, 27.9 %) with both having P-values less than 0.05 at ever use and last 30 day basis. Based on current findings alcohol drinking was not risk factor for cigarette smoking (OR = 2.93; P>0.1) and Khat chewing (OR=1.18; P>0.1). However, presence of friends with drinking experience was significantly associated for alcohol consumption (OR=13.12; P<0.001). Conclusion: The proportion of students who have engaged in abusive alcohol use was significantly high. Therefore, we recommend regulatory monitoring on alcohol use and intervention activities to bring behavioral change among college students.
Abstract: Background: Excessive alcohol drinking is an important risk factor for many socioeconomic and health problems. The use of alcohol during the teenage and young adulthood years is a common phenomenon in many societies. Thus the study was conducted with the objective of assessing the prevalence and associated factors of alcohol consumption among colle...
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Factors that Affects Male Partner Involvement in PMTCT Services in Africa: A Review Literature
Addis Adera Gebru,
Mesfin Wudu Kassaw,
Yonas Yimam Ayene,
Zemenu Mengistie Semene,
Markos Kidane Assefa,
Ambachew Woreta Hailu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
460-467
Received:
27 April 2015
Accepted:
15 May 2015
Published:
27 May 2015
Abstract: Back ground: male partner’s participation in prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of HIV has been determined as one of the major factors in world. And it realization is challenges because of male related and institutional factors. Objectives: This paper summarizes the factors which affects male partner’s involvement in PMTCT services in Africa. Methods: A narrative Literature research was carried out of for evaluation of the literature generated from EBESCO systems, PUBMED, OVID, CINAHL, MEDLINE and GOOGLE SEARCH, and the Internet from January, 2010 to April, 2015. The literature reviewed suggests that male partner’s participation in PMTCT of HIV and associated factors. The inclusion criteria were an original study or review studies involving male partner’s participation in PMTCT of HIV and associated factors. Among selected papers were screened and irrelevant studies were excluded. Result: We included 19 studies in this review, which reported on factors which affects male partner’s involvement in PMTCT services in Africa. The majority of studies described male partner participation is a crucial component to optimize ANC/PMTCT services. Other studies defined that the importance of male involvement in PMTCT is accepted. Conclusion: Factors which affects male partner’s involvement in PMTCT services is a well-accepted issue and has important positive outcomes several areas of health discipline. The current literature, research and reviewed articles which were developed through an evaluation of this literature reviewed articles and the assessment of a limited number of research studies that focused on male partner’s participation in PMTCT of HIV and associated factors in PMTCT services at different health settings. Implication of PMTCT services: It is proposed that male partner’s participation in PMTCT of HIV improves as the PMTCT services gains HIV testing experience in their facilities with couples, male partner’s gain a sense of saliency in relation to PMTCT services. Male partners may use PMTCT services independently, and concurrently to solve weak and longtime PMTCT services at different health Institutes.
Abstract: Back ground: male partner’s participation in prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) of HIV has been determined as one of the major factors in world. And it realization is challenges because of male related and institutional factors. Objectives: This paper summarizes the factors which affects male partner’s involvement in PMTCT services ...
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Assessment of HIV Sero-Prevalence among St. Marry University Students, Ethiopia
Zewdu Shewangizaw,
Mesert Girma,
Getabalew Endazenaw
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
468-477
Received:
27 April 2015
Accepted:
11 May 2015
Published:
27 May 2015
Abstract: Background: The HIV global epidemic continues to be the most serious of infectious disease challenges to the public health and it remains as a major threat to socioeconomic development. AIDS accounts for a leading cause of mortality and resulted in the deaths of 25 million people. Everyday 5,700 persons die from AIDS worldwide. The HIV prevalence in the student populations hadn’t adequately studied, but there is some undependable reports suggesting widespread of unsafe sexual practices making the young vulnerable to HIV infection. Hence the current study assesses HIV Sero-prevalence among St. Marry University students in Ethiopia to narrow the gap of studies in the young population. A cross sectional study design with self-administered questioners and clinical blood specimen collection were done among 900 St. Marry University, Ethiopia study participant in March, 2012.The sample size were determined with single population formula with considering none respondent rate. Statistical tests were carried out for HIV Sero positivity and its association to predisposing factors to HIV infections. Detail explanation were given the study participant, a written consent was obtained from each participant after clear explanation to the procedure, merits and demerits of being tested for HIV. The study shows, 98.7% of response rate. According to the finding the overall HIV Sero-prevalence among the participants was found to be 3.8% and more specifically, HIV prevalence shown among students come from urban areas 14(5.7%), small town15 (4.5%) and rural areas 5(1.6%). Unsafe sexual behaviors, risky habits of styles of life involving alcohol beverages drinking, chat chewing, substance use, drug abuse, men to men sex, change and exchange of several sex partners, rapes, revealed positive association with HIV positive Sero status. HIV remains as a serious health problem to those who were positive as well as to those who practice risk behaviors and comparably, lower prevalence of HIV was noticed in the study. There is a need to be further studies in depth for contributing factors which predispose to new HIV infection to prevent HIV infection among the late adolescence and adult population. Moreover, as a result of higher institution expansion, there is a need to provide organized HIV prevention activities to decrease HIV new infection.
Abstract: Background: The HIV global epidemic continues to be the most serious of infectious disease challenges to the public health and it remains as a major threat to socioeconomic development. AIDS accounts for a leading cause of mortality and resulted in the deaths of 25 million people. Everyday 5,700 persons die from AIDS worldwide. The HIV prevalence i...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Emergency Contraceptive Methods Among Female Students in Seto Semero High School, Jimma Town, South West Ethiopia
Asmare Tesfa,
Asmamaw Demis Bizuneh,
Temamen Tesfaye,
Addis Adera Gebru,
Yonas Yimam Ayene,
Birhan Alemnew Tamene
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
478-486
Received:
23 April 2015
Accepted:
9 May 2015
Published:
29 May 2015
Abstract: Background Despite the availability of highly effective methods of contraception, many pregnancies are unplanned and unwanted. These pregnancies carry a higher risk of morbidity and mortality, often due to unsafe abortion. Many of these unplanned pregnancies can be avoided using emergency contraception. Literature reveals that there is existence of knowledge, attitude and practice gaps on emergency contraception in the world including Ethiopia. Thus this study aimed to fill these gaps. Objective: To assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards emergency contraceptive methods among female students in Seto-Semero high school Jimma town, south west Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 female students in Seto-Semera high school Jimma town, south-western, Ethiopia from April 08-11/2014. Study populations were selected from different educational levels (9th&10th) using stratified random sampling technique .Data were edited, tallied and analyzed manually by using scientific calculator and presented in texts, tables ,charts and graphs. Results: In this study, 284 female students were participated. Out of this majority of them 238(83.8%) were between the age of 14-17 years. One hundred thirty of them were Oromo Ethnic group. And two hundred seventy two of those unmarried. Only 115(40.5%) had heard about EC, 31(27.0%) of the respondents mentioned the correct recommended timing for oral pills of emergency contraception use. With regarding to attitudes 83(73.0%) of the respondents had positive attitude from the total heard of emergency contraception methods. Conclusion and Recommendations: knowledge of Emergency contraceptives is low, The major source of information were mass media TV/radio. The majority of students those heard of Emergency contraceptives were not know the correct time limit to Emergency Pills and Intrauterine Contraceptive Device .The absence of correct information about EC could be barrier from being utilization by individual who need Emergency contraceptives (ECs). The utilization of EC was very low this leads to higher chance of unintended. The study recommends that academic institution and should be work on the promotion and enhancement of health education about EC among students of high school.
Abstract: Background Despite the availability of highly effective methods of contraception, many pregnancies are unplanned and unwanted. These pregnancies carry a higher risk of morbidity and mortality, often due to unsafe abortion. Many of these unplanned pregnancies can be avoided using emergency contraception. Literature reveals that there is existence of...
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Pictures Don’t Lie
Norman Ishmael D.,
Binka Fred Newton,
Norvivor Forgive Awo
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
487-499
Received:
22 April 2015
Accepted:
18 May 2015
Published:
29 May 2015
Abstract: Ghana is confronted with persistent environmental challenges such as its inability to re-cycle its domestic and industrial waste. Ghana has no adequate waste treatment plant in any of its leading cities or towns and a general lack of best environmental practices, although there are currently plans to install state of the art waste management plant in the capital city. The Central Government does not adequately resource the municipal governments with the constitutionally allocable portions from the centrally planned budget to be able to provide services such as sanitation, refuse collection, road maintenance and related functions to improve the health of the environment and thus the communities. The public-private-partnership meant to supplement municipal environmental waste and sanitation management has been co-opted by central government operatives so much so that they appear as if they are inseparable and integral part of the municipal governments. Due to such close association and other systemic failures, the public-private-partnership in the industry is fraught with allegations of cronyism, renting seeking behaviors, and sweet-heart arrangements. As a result, the arrangements do not function efficiently or effectively, except in very limited city spaces in the central business districts and neighborhoods with large expatriate presences together with high ranking government functionaries. Generally, the public health of the population is compromised. The lack of good programs and operations in Ghana’s environmental practices has led to the outbreak of diseases such as malaria and cholera resulting in morbidity and mortality among the population on a yearly basis. Cholera, an internationally reported disease, is a significant killer in Ghana today. In many nations in the 21st Century, this disease does not even feature in the list of threats to the health of the public. Malaria continues to be a major public health saboteur disease. There appears to be official denial about the lack of real improvements towards the Millennium Development Goal 7. This paper attempts to provide photographic evidence about the situation on the ground in the capital city of Ghana, Accra; and to raise the alarm that the veracity of Ghana about its progress towards MDG 7 may be in serious doubt.
Abstract: Ghana is confronted with persistent environmental challenges such as its inability to re-cycle its domestic and industrial waste. Ghana has no adequate waste treatment plant in any of its leading cities or towns and a general lack of best environmental practices, although there are currently plans to install state of the art waste management plant ...
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The Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Women of Child Bearing Age Attending MCH/FP Clinic at Uasin Gishu Sub-County Hospital, Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya
Robert M. Kei,
Taratisio Ndwiga,
Stephen Okong’o
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
500-507
Received:
28 April 2015
Accepted:
17 May 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Family planning is a practice of controlling on when to have children through the use of contraceptives. Contraceptive use in developing countries has decreased the maternal deaths by 40% and could prevent 70% if the full demand for birth control is met. Problem statement: Despite serious campaign programs to sensitize women of reproductive age to take up contraception, there is still a rise in population and other problems such as rise in the number of street children which negatively impact on economy and available resources. Objectives: To identify the types of contraceptives used, to determine the perception of women on contraceptive use, to determine the factors associated with contraceptive use and to assess the effectiveness of the different types of the contraceptives. Justification: The study sought to determine the extent to which each contraceptive method was known and used, the effectiveness and factors that determined the use of contraceptives in women of child bearing age. Methodology: The study population included all women of child bearing age (15-49 years) attending MCH/FP clinic at Uasin Gishu Sub-County Hospital. A cross sectional descriptive survey was the design and Systematic random sampling was used to select respondent. Chi-square test was used to measure the strength of associations between variables where a p-value of = or <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The study showed that a large percentage of the respondents had knowledge on family planning methods with pills being the most known, the most commonly used method of contraception was injectables and among the methods used condom had the least complications. Conclusion: The contraceptives available were injectables, pills, male and female condoms, implants, IUCD and respondents also had knowledge on Natural Family planning (NFP), among these injectable and pills were mostly preferred. Recommendations: The health workers within the MCH should not limit the health education only on the methods available in the facility but should include all family planning methods.
Abstract: Introduction: Family planning is a practice of controlling on when to have children through the use of contraceptives. Contraceptive use in developing countries has decreased the maternal deaths by 40% and could prevent 70% if the full demand for birth control is met. Problem statement: Despite serious campaign programs to sensitize women of reprod...
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The Prevalence and Perceived Contributing Factors for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Nurses at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
Loveness A. Nkhata,
Tonya M. Esterhuizen,
Seter Siziya,
Peter D. C. Phiri,
Esther Munalula-Nkandu,
Hastings Shula
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
508-513
Received:
6 May 2015
Accepted:
20 May 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: Introduction: Nurses routinely perform activities which are repetitive, labour intensive and involve direct contact with patients. Such activities have been shown to be risk factors for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The prevalence of these conditions amongst nurses in Zambia is not well established. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders within the last year among nurses at the University Teaching Hospital, in Lusaka, Zambia, and to establish the demographic characteristics and perceived job tasks associated with this outcome. Methods: Data were collected using a structured questionnaire in a cross sectional survey. Stata version 12.0 was used to analyze the data. Associations between factors and the presence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders were tested using a multivariate logistic regression model and reported using odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Results: The 12-months period prevalence for work-related musculoskeletal disorders was 68.9% in 267 nurses who took part in the study (95% confidence interval 63.1-74.2). The ankles and feet were the most commonly affected body part 54.8% (n=101) followed by the low back 53.3% (n=98). Most respondents (44.7% n=93) had their first experience within five years of graduation. Decreased height, increased weight and years of professional experience, full time position, working in the same position for a long period and adjusting for bed height were among factors identified as associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Conclusion: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common among nurses at the University Teaching Hospital. We recommend that education on prevention and coping strategies for work-related musculoskeletal disorders be introduced and encouraged to promote work efficiency and well-being.
Abstract: Introduction: Nurses routinely perform activities which are repetitive, labour intensive and involve direct contact with patients. Such activities have been shown to be risk factors for the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The prevalence of these conditions amongst nurses in Zambia is not well established. The objectives of th...
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Systematic Reviews of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Hypertension in Ethiopia: Finding the Evidence
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
514-519
Received:
7 May 2015
Accepted:
20 May 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of global burden of disease. This paper is intended to provide compressive and up to date evidence on the prevalence and investigate the associated factors of Hypertension in Ethiopia from January, 2000 to April, 2015. Methods: A quantitative epidemiological systematic literature review was conducted by searching different published articles in different data bases which is written in English including MEDLINE, PubMed, CINAHL, Google scholar, Cochrane and grey literatures. The search was restricted to population based studies on hypertension in Ethiopia published between January 2000 and April 2015. All data were extracted independently by a single reviewer using a standardized protocol and data collection form. Nine publications met the inclusion criteria. The total pooled data were nine surveys involving over 13,327 participants. Results: The reported rate of hypertension is varied widely, with the highest rate of 31.5 % in male and the lowest rate of 0.8% in female, partly because of the differences in participants mean ages, source population and study settings. This review found a high prevalence of hypertension in urban residents and different associated factors including overweight, family history of hypertension, age, sex, sleeping for less than 5 hours, Oral contraceptive use, alcohol intake, physical inactivity, eating vegetable three or fewer days per week, salt use, obesity, higher education and vigorous recreational activities were identified. Conclusion and recommendation: Hypertension was considerably prevalent in Ethiopia. Health promotion strategy tailored to the education on modifiable risk factors and establishment of blood pressure screening in primary health care context would be of immense value both in urban and rural areas. This study was highlighting the need for implementation of timely and appropriate strategies for prevention and control of hypertension. Upcoming well-powered studies, using the standardized research design and covering more regions of the country are recommended. Further Meta-analysis study is also recommended.
Abstract: Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of global burden of disease. This paper is intended to provide compressive and up to date evidence on the prevalence and investigate the associated factors of Hypertension in Ethiopia from January, 2000 to April, 2015. Methods: A quantitative epidemiological systematic literature review was cond...
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Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Diabetes Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study
Shooka Mohammadi,
Norimah A. Karim,
Ruzita Abd Talib,
Reza Amani
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
520-524
Received:
15 May 2015
Accepted:
20 May 2015
Published:
2 June 2015
Abstract: Following fast increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Iranians, diabetes self-care activities are important. This cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding diabetes among 100 Iranian type 2 diabetics (61 female, 39 male) aged between 37 to 66 years, attending the out-patient Diabetes Clinic at Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran. A face-to-face interview was done and a validated knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) questionnaire was used to determine knowledge, attitude and practices of diabetes patients. The mean duration of diabetes among patients was 4.05 ± 1.4 years. Fifty three percent of patients had good glycemic control (HbA1c level (=<7%)). The results showed that attitude related to diabetes was acceptable in the majority; while knowledge and self-care practices were insufficient. The overall mean (± SD) score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of patients based on KAP questionnaire was in medium level (17.37± 2.23) in which total maximum possible score was 29. KAP score was low for 9 % of patients. There was significant association between low level of education (primary) or not having formal education with poor KAP score about diabetes compare to higher level of education [illiterate: OR=2.6, 95% CI= (0.23-30.80), primary: OR=0.23, 95% CI= (0.43-1.27), P<0.05]. While there was no significant association between the KAP scores and HbA1c level. As the consequence of low awareness of diabetes among patients affects their ability of self-care management and lead to negative impact on outcome of diabetes. Patients need to be educated on how to prevent diabetes complications. Health care providers should promote self-care activities in the process of diabetes education.
Abstract: Following fast increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Iranians, diabetes self-care activities are important. This cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding diabetes among 100 Iranian type 2 diabetics (61 female, 39 male) aged between 37 to 66 years, attending the out-patient Diabet...
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Epidemiology of Adenovirus and Genotypic Characteristics of Group A Rotavirus Among Diarrhoeic Children Aged 0 to 5 Years Old in the Ngaoundere Region of Cameroon
Kagning Tsinda Emmanuel,
Fokunang Charles Ntungwen,
Tchuenguem Fohouo Fernand-Nestor,
Nwabo Kamdje Armel Herve,
Nukenine Elias Nchinwan
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
525-537
Received:
13 April 2015
Accepted:
29 April 2015
Published:
6 June 2015
Abstract: In the context of recent introduction of a Rotavirus vaccine, little is known about the epidemiology of Rotavirus and Adenovirus gastroenteritis in Cameroon in general and in Ngaoundere specifically. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Rotavirus and Adenovirus antigens as well as to characterise circulating Rotavirus strains in children with diarrhoea in Ngaoundere. A convenience sampling method was used and stool samples collected from patients consulting at the study sites from April to July 2014 were subjected to a qualitative immunochromatographic test to detect group antigens of group A Rotavirus and Adenovirus. Socio-demographic data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Stool samples tested positive for Group A Rotavirus were genotyped by multiplex nested RT-PCR method. Logistic regression, Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests were performed when appropriate. P-value < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was considered statistically significant. Adenovirus antigen was detected in 26.4% (56) of children, whereas, group A Rotavirus was detected in 2.3% (5); the co-infection rate was 5.3%. Vomiting, fever, moderate dehydration, severe dehydration and the presence of polymorphonuclear cells in stool were significantly associated with the presence of Adenovirus antigen in stool. Group A Rotavirus was also found to circulate in Ngaoundere and the G1P[8] genotype showed indication of being the most represented. Adenovirus antigen was shown to be an important agent in childhood acute gastroenteritis in Ngaoundere and this study has been used as a baseline data for this infection in this region of Cameroon. The appropriate management of viral acute gastroenteritis necessitates the detection of Rotavirus and Adenovirus in clinical routine practice. Furthermore, Rotarix™ vaccination should be encouraged and the populations should be educated on hygiene practices.
Abstract: In the context of recent introduction of a Rotavirus vaccine, little is known about the epidemiology of Rotavirus and Adenovirus gastroenteritis in Cameroon in general and in Ngaoundere specifically. The main objective of this study was to determine the frequency of Rotavirus and Adenovirus antigens as well as to characterise circulating Rotavirus ...
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Training Needs Assessment of Reproductive Health and Family Planning Leaders of Leadership Development Programs in Pakistan
Sayeeda Amber Sayed,
Agha Ajmal
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
538-543
Received:
16 April 2015
Accepted:
18 May 2015
Published:
8 June 2015
Abstract: The issue of workforce training and competency is central to the success of any public health system. The first step in designing training is to conduct a need assessment for an effective training program. In this research, we have accessed the training needs of the leaders of Leadership Development Program for mobilizing reproductive health; the vision of program was to develop a critical mass of diverse leaders, who can work individually and collectively and their efforts can improve reproductive health options and overall quality of life, especially for vulnerable populations in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect data by means of self-administered questionnaires from Reproductive Health and family planning leaders of the Leadership Development program from all over Pakistan. A total of 40 reproductive and family planning leaders participated after informed consent through non-probability convenience sampling. It was found that responding to felt needs is important for improving performance in health care system. Uses of practical, problem based learning methods are generally not included in the trainings. The priority areas in the current health scenario of Pakistan as identified by the study participants include training in disaster management, budget management, emergency preparedness and monitoring and evaluation. Need of communication skills training for health education was also highlighted for better reproductive health of the Pakistani population. The study indicated that training needs of Reproductive health and family planning leaders were heterogeneous and differed within professions by the tasks performed. Therefore, it is important to assess the tasks performed and training needs in leadership program participants in order to allocate training resources appropriately. There should be a permanent system for reviewing training needs.
Abstract: The issue of workforce training and competency is central to the success of any public health system. The first step in designing training is to conduct a need assessment for an effective training program. In this research, we have accessed the training needs of the leaders of Leadership Development Program for mobilizing reproductive health; the v...
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Determinants of Optimum Breastfeeding Among Mothers of Child Less than Two Years in Bishoftu Town, East Shewa Zone of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
544-551
Received:
18 February 2015
Accepted:
5 March 2015
Published:
8 June 2015
Abstract: Back ground - The promotion and support of breastfeeding is a global priority. Vast scientific literatures demonstrated substantial health, social and economic benefits associated with appropriate breastfeeding, including lower infant morbidity and mortality from diarrhea and infectious diseases. WHO and UNICEF recommend that all mothers should breastfeed their children exclusively for the first 6 months and thereafter. In Ethiopia, like in other developing nations, diarrhea is a major contributor of morbidity and mortality in young infant and children, especially in urban areas, due to inappropriate breastfeeding patterns. Breastfeeding being a vital and indispensable part of primary health care, studies have not been conducted in East Shewa zone on determinants of optimum breastfeeding among mothers of reproductive age group. Objective – To assess determinants of optimum breastfeeding among mothers of child aged less than two years in Bishoftu town, Ada’a woreda, East Shewa zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Methods – A cross- sectional community based study design was employed. A total of 806 mothers of children age less than two years residing in Bishoftu town, East Shewa zone, Ethiopia were selected by using systematic random sampling for the quantitative study. The households were selected by systematic random sampling, which is by dividing the total number of households in all selected kebeles by the allocated sample size to get study subjects. Experienced interviewers and qualified supervisors were employed and a pre-tested questionnaire was utilized for this purpose. Result—Four hundred ten (50.9%) had sufficient knowledge on benefit of breastfeeding. Knowledge was found to be influenced by PNC. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding practice is only 34.1%. PNC follow up and maternal educations are significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. Mothers who attended PNC are more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than those who did not attend (AOR= 2.19 (1.12, 4.32)), and those who did not attend formal school are more likely to practice exclusively (AOR= 3.61 (1.14, 11.43)), than mothers who attended education. Conclusion: It is concluded that maternal knowledge on benefit of breastfeeding is insufficient and breastfeeding practice is sub-optimal. This would increase the risk of faltered growth, infant/young child diarrhea and/or malnutrition, ARI and in addition it shortens birth interval and high fertility. Therefore strengthening counseling mothers on optimal breastfeeding practice and improving the information provision by suitable focused intensive IEC activity and other recommendations is forwarded.
Abstract: Back ground - The promotion and support of breastfeeding is a global priority. Vast scientific literatures demonstrated substantial health, social and economic benefits associated with appropriate breastfeeding, including lower infant morbidity and mortality from diarrhea and infectious diseases. WHO and UNICEF recommend that all mothers should bre...
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Indoor Air Quality and Perceived Health Effects Experienced by Occupants of an Office Complex in a Typical Tertiary Institution in Nigeria
Morakinyo Oyewale Mayowa,
Ana Godson Rowland,
Hammed Taiwo Babatunde,
Adejumo Mumuni
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
552-558
Received:
7 April 2015
Accepted:
21 April 2015
Published:
8 June 2015
Abstract: Exposure to compromised indoor air is one of the factors affecting the health and productivity of workers in the workplace. Studies have proved that the number of related health complaints from workplace has increased in recent years. Indoor air quality and perceived health effects experienced by occupants of selected offices and classrooms in the Oladele Ajose Building (OAJB) were assessed in this study. Temperature and Relative Humidity (RH) of seven indoor locations within OAJB were monitored using Multi-Tester N21FR during the dry season. Values obtained for temperature and RH were compared with the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) guideline limits for indoor environment of 23.5 – 25.5°C and 30 – 50% respectively. Airborne Total Bacteria Count (TBC) and Total Fungi Count (TFC) were determined using Polish Standard PN 89/Z-04008/08 and values obtained compared with the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) guideline limit of 500cfu/m3 for total airborne microbial count in an indoor environment. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from staff and students. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. Mean indoor temperature and RH in the morning were 30.3±2.5 °C and 30.5±2.1% respectively and 66.5±5.6°C and 66.6±5.6% respectively in the afternoon. The TBC and TFC were lower than guideline limit. Bacterial species isolated included Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Pseudomonas and Proteus while fungi specie includes Aspergillus. Mean age of respondents was 31.4±8.9 years. Reported symptoms in the last six months prior the study include cough (65.5%), fatigue (81.0%) and wheezing (87.9%). Temperature and RH of the sampled locations were higher than acceptable limits. These together with the airborne microbes may influence the prevalence of health symptoms experienced by respondents. Routine air monitoring of office buildings should be carried out to ensure conformance with stipulated guidelines.
Abstract: Exposure to compromised indoor air is one of the factors affecting the health and productivity of workers in the workplace. Studies have proved that the number of related health complaints from workplace has increased in recent years. Indoor air quality and perceived health effects experienced by occupants of selected offices and classrooms in the ...
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A Study of Prevalence of Blood Group of Saudi Patients in King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh
Mohieldin Elsayid,
Younes Yahya Aseeri,
Faisal Al Saqri,
Abdullah Alanazi,
Shoeb Qureshi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
559-562
Received:
19 May 2015
Accepted:
28 May 2015
Published:
11 June 2015
Abstract: Background: Blood groups have been the subject of research because of the importance of blood transfusion in surgery as well as treatment of anemia and other hemorrhagic conditions. Blood groups and immune hematological problems of blood transfusion constitute an extremely interesting, but complex study area and their investigations have much to offer to hematology and immunohematology fields. Aim: The aim of our study is to provide essential data about the distribution of ABO and Rhesus blood groups among Saudi populations and to determine the ABO and Rh phenotype among patients who received blood or blood products in King Abdulaziz Medical City-Riyadh. Methods: For this purpose, we retrospectively evaluated the results of ABO grouping and Rh grouping performed among some patients who received blood or blood products at King Abdulaziz Medical City Riyadh during the year 2013. Results: Participants in this study included four hundred patients (100 children; 28 youths, 88 adults and 184 olds). The gender distribution showed 232 males and 168 females. ABO phenotypes result showed that blood group A is 27%, group B 22%, group AB 3%, and group O is 48%. The percentages of positive and negative Rh grouping phenotypes were 96% and 4%, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study shows that the blood group O is highly frequent among Saudi population, while the blood group AB is the lowest. Rh-negative phenotypes were not as frequent as Rh-positive.
Abstract: Background: Blood groups have been the subject of research because of the importance of blood transfusion in surgery as well as treatment of anemia and other hemorrhagic conditions. Blood groups and immune hematological problems of blood transfusion constitute an extremely interesting, but complex study area and their investigations have much to of...
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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Students Towards Sexual Transmitted Infection in Haile Mariam Mamo Preparatory School Debre Birhan, Ethiopia, 2013
Addis Adera,
Mesfin Wudu,
Yonas Yimam,
Mulugeta Tamirie,
Micias Aregah,
Getenet Dessie,
Fitwi Tinsae
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
563-571
Received:
16 May 2015
Accepted:
28 May 2015
Published:
13 June 2015
Abstract: Background- Sexually transmitted diseases are a major health problem affecting mostly young people, not only in developing, but also in developed countries. It is an infection that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Objectives: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on sexual transmitted infection among Haile Mariam Mamo preparatory school students, Debre Birhan, Ethiopia, 2013. Methods –An institutional based cross- sectional study was conducted from January 7 to June 15, 2013 in Debre Birhan preparatory school, Northern Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. A total of 347 students were involved in the study by using stratified random technique. Data were collected through Pre-tested questioner, the collected data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical package and manual techniques. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Two hundred ninety (87%) of respondents were in the age group of 15-19 years. Among the total participants regarding information heard sexual transmitted infection transmission and prevention method, fourteen (17.5%) were from rural and two hundred forty six (82.5%) were from urban. The most frequently media which could help the participants information about r Sexual transmission infection were radio/TV (76%) followed by school (43.9%), parent (17.95%) and others (2.2%).Most of the participants 242(77.6%) were considered sexual transmitted infection as a disease. However, 32910.35) and 33(10.6%) of the participants were considered sexual transmitted infection as curse and syndromic respectively. Regarding treatment of sexual transmitted infection, the majority of the respondents (61.8%) were treated at health institute followed by (26.4%) were treated at home. Only(11.8%) of participants were treated by religious based practice including traditional medicine. Conclusion: Even if most of the respondents have knowledge about STIs, till there are misconception and their practice remained quit low. Behavioral change communication and demonstration be done regularly as part of the routine service and through the out reach9 school Visit) program about optional prevention and control of sexual transmission infection practice to all students who came to health institute and outreach services especially preparatory school.
Abstract: Background- Sexually transmitted diseases are a major health problem affecting mostly young people, not only in developing, but also in developed countries. It is an infection that has a significant probability of transmission between humans by means of human sexual behavior, including vaginal intercourse, oral sex, and anal sex. Objectives: To ass...
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Community Based Assessment of Reproductive Health and Related Problems of Communities at Quiha Town, Keble 02, Mekelle Zone, North Ethiopia
Addis Adera,
Woldegebriel Gebregziabher,
Fitwi Tinsae,
Rahewa Gebregziabher,
Rosa Gebrekidan,
Ruta Solomon,
Sara Abrha,
Seida Ashmael,
Serke Reta,
Senait Gebregziabher,
Senait kassie,
Tedros Fissehaye,
Tigist Shimel
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
572-582
Received:
16 May 2015
Accepted:
1 June 2015
Published:
14 June 2015
Abstract: Background: Pregnancy at age interval of 15-19 years old and some of the community exercise <15 years old have shortage of health education for them about the harmfulness of the early marriage in a community Because reproductive health is such an important component of general health it is a prerequisite for social, economic and human Development. Most women have accepted traditional practice without any question, especially on subjecting themselves and their daughters to genital mutilation, early marriage, milk teeth extraction and domestic abuse with increased government efforts to expand family services. Hence, it is important to understand the exposure of communities to sexual and reproductive health knowledge attitude, and skill at different kebeles including each household. Objectives: The main objective of this study is to assess the major reproductive health status and communities problem in study area. Method: A cross sectional survey using self-administrated questionnaire was conducted in Keble, 02 Quha town, Mekelle zone from June, 2010 up to July, 2010. Data was collected by protested questionnaire though interview. After coding and cleaning, data was entered and analyzed using tally sheet and scientific calculator. The analyzed data was presented using tables, graphs and Charts. Result:- A total of 360 respondents on the study; the majority (47.5%) being in the age of 31-45 , and 108(30%) were male and 252 (70%) were female . of the total 75(20.8%) male were married but 110 (30%) female were divorced by marital status. out of the total 93 (37.6 %) respondents had knowledge on family planning, but also 79(81.4%) were use inject able method currently. Regarding using latrine among the communities, the majority of 126 (34%) participants were use pit latrine In addition 255 (77%) participants were utilized tape water and 126(66.83%) had also economical problem.
Abstract: Background: Pregnancy at age interval of 15-19 years old and some of the community exercise ...
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Incorporating Tele-Health Into Disease Surveillance
Jalal-Eddeen Abubakar Saleh,
Nuhu Barau Ningi,
Dahiru Baba Bashir,
Habu Dahiru,
Isa Mohammed Bello
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
583-587
Received:
19 May 2015
Accepted:
1 June 2015
Published:
15 June 2015
Abstract: The increasing challenges in the field of public health is on the increase more than ever before and some of these challenges are not only natural but man-made threats; this calls for a concerted effort to have a perfect global surveillance system in place to ensure timeliness, accuracy, reliability, and completeness of disease tracking and reporting. It suffices to mention that the transformations recorded in the public health discipline vis-à-vis information telecommunication technology has tremendously improved disease surveillance with palpable results in the developed countries. Thus, the emergence of health informatics has significantly speed up detection of disease outbreaks, tracking of communicable and non-communicable diseases alike through the use of advanced software applications, increase investment in bioterrorism, syndromic surveillance and the use of automated surveillance systems to monitor both emerging and re-emerging diseases. However, considering the increasing global threat posed by bioterrorism, emerging and re-emerging diseases, there is need for the developing countries to also embrace the Tele-health system and to put in place a functional modern surveillance system.
Abstract: The increasing challenges in the field of public health is on the increase more than ever before and some of these challenges are not only natural but man-made threats; this calls for a concerted effort to have a perfect global surveillance system in place to ensure timeliness, accuracy, reliability, and completeness of disease tracking and reporti...
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Characteristics of Medical Services in the US Versus Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim Saad Alsumaih,
Fahad Abdulaziz Aldhuwayhi
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
588-591
Received:
21 April 2015
Accepted:
1 June 2015
Published:
16 June 2015
Abstract: The scholarships provided by the Saudi Arabian government have made it possible for many students to acquire higher education in the United States (U.S.). The students have the privilege of comparing aspects between the two countries. The survey that is outlined in this paper shows that many students perceive medical services in the U.S. as being better than those provided in Saudi Arabia (SA). The survey was conducted in March 2015. Some 1,299 students participated in filling out online questionnaires. After ineligibles were excluded, some 663 participants were selected for the study. The variables of interest were health complaints as well as the perception that these services are better in the U.S. than in SA. Measures of tendency were presented, and independent t-tests were performed. The chi-square test was also used to find any relationships between income and clinic visits. The chi-square tests indicated no association and the t-test showed that the perception of many students favored the U.S. health care systems (US Department of state, 2015) Further research was also carried out in order to find the probable reason for students’ feedbacks. After analyzing several pieces of literature, no differences were found in technological advances between the two countries. However, the approaches of delivering health services were found to differ in terms of patient-doctor relationship. (M, G, & M, 2011)
Abstract: The scholarships provided by the Saudi Arabian government have made it possible for many students to acquire higher education in the United States (U.S.). The students have the privilege of comparing aspects between the two countries. The survey that is outlined in this paper shows that many students perceive medical services in the U.S. as being b...
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Knowledge Attitude and Practice Towards Premarital Sex and HIV/AIDS among Mizan-Tepi University Students, South West Ethiopia
Zemenu Mengistie,
Endalamaw Wolie,
Enawgaw Abawa,
Endris Ebre,
Addis Adera
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2015
Pages:
592-599
Received:
30 April 2015
Accepted:
1 June 2015
Published:
16 June 2015
Abstract: Background: Pre-marital sex is any sexual activities with an opposite sex partners or a same sex before he/she has started a marriage life. The term is usually used to refer the inter course before the legal age of marriage. In the course of experimentation, adolescents often in counter high risk situation, as contracting STD /HIV/AIDS and often exposed to un intended pregnancy and illicit abortions. Objective: This study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practice towards premarital sex and HIV/AIDS among students who are attending in MizanTepi University. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted from April 08-September, 08, 2014- in MTU, Mizan campus regular students. Stratified sampling technique were used after making strata based on Collage and sex proportion. This study using systemic random sampling. Data were collected by three Public Health interns, using self-administrated questionnaires. Students from each Collage were being explained about the objective and confidentiality of the study while distributing and collecting the questionnaires. Results: A total of 372 participants, 254(68%) were males and 118(32%) were females. All of the students know what cause HIV/AIDS; majority of them knew major transmission routes. Sexual transmission mentioned as a major routes transmission in our study by 281(75.5%) of students but knowledge was translated into practice as 133(35.6%) approved premarital sex and practiced it. Conclusion and Recommendation: The study participants have good knowledge of HIV/AIDS related to its cause, routes of transmission and also about preventive mechanism by this knowledge was not practiced. The study participants were citing religion as reason for not having premarital sex and this should include in their day to day teachings. The HIV/AIDS agenda should an agenda for everyone and families should discuss with the adolescents and adults.
Abstract: Background: Pre-marital sex is any sexual activities with an opposite sex partners or a same sex before he/she has started a marriage life. The term is usually used to refer the inter course before the legal age of marriage. In the course of experimentation, adolescents often in counter high risk situation, as contracting STD /HIV/AIDS and often ex...
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