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The Search for Common Factors in Psychotherapy: Two Theoretical Models with Different Empirical Implications
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
131-150
Received:
14 September 2014
Accepted:
22 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
Abstract: The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy. The term “common factors”, however, is seldom defined in an unambiguous way. In this paper, two different models of “common factors” are differentiated, and their implications are compared. The first model is referred to as the Relational-Procedural Persuasion (RPP) model and is primarily based on the writings of Frank and Wampold; according to this model effective psychotherapy requires a good therapeutic relationship, a specified therapeutic procedure, and a rhetorically skilful psychotherapist who persuades the client of a new explanation that provides new perspectives and meanings in life. The contents of these procedures and perspectives, however, are less important – according to this model, the treatment procedures are beneficial to the client because of the meaning attributed to these procedures rather than because of the specific nature of the procedures. The other model, the Methodological Principles and Skills (MPS) model, is based on the assumption that effective psychotherapy relies on common methodological principles that are instantiated in various ways in different forms of psychotherapy, and on the therapist’s capacity of applying these principles in a skillful way. According to this model, method matters, and it is possible to improve existing methods. Whereas the MPS model carries a hope for the improvement of psychotherapy, the RPP model implies a more pessimistic view of psychotherapy as forever bound by the limits of the Dodo Bird Verdict. It is concluded that psychotherapy research may benefit from using the MPS model as a working hypothesis, but that a comprehensive model of common factors in psychotherapy also needs to integrate important insights from the RPP model, as well as an understanding of the structural characteristics that psychotherapy shares with other kinds of social interaction.
Abstract: The difficulties of demonstrating that any specific form of psychotherapy is more effective than any other has led to the formulation of the so-called Dodo Bird Verdict (that all forms of therapy are equally effective) and to the suggestion that what really matters for therapeutic efficiency are factors that are common to different forms of therapy...
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Achievement Goal and Discrete Emotions in Sport
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
151-157
Received:
8 October 2014
Accepted:
17 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: Achievement goals and achievement emotions are elements developed during participation in sport activities. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between achievement goals and discrete emotions in sport and whether emotions vary with gender and type of sport. Males (n = 179), and females (n = 184) athletes were asked to participate in this study. Their age ranged from 18 to 23 years (M = 20.01, SD = 1.38). All participants were involved in the different type of sports: Individual (n = 207) and Teams (n = 156). Participants filled in two instruments, namely Task and Ego Orientation in Sports Questionnaire (TEOSQ; Duda & Nicholls, 1992) and Sport Emotion Questionnaire (SEQ; Jones et al., 2005). The results of this study established the conclusion that achievement goals are associated with discrete emotions, and that the shape of emotions is affected by gender and type of sport.
Abstract: Achievement goals and achievement emotions are elements developed during participation in sport activities. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between achievement goals and discrete emotions in sport and whether emotions vary with gender and type of sport. Males (n = 179), and females (n = 184) athletes were asked to participate...
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Research Report: Experience of Food Insecurity and Its Effect on the Psychosocial Well-Being of School-Aged Children in Damot Gale Woreda, South Ethiopia
Mesfin Balgu Tito,
Habtamu Wondimu
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
158-170
Received:
13 October 2014
Accepted:
24 October 2014
Published:
30 October 2014
Abstract: This study aimed to describe the psychosocial experience of children living in food insecure family. Among the 328 total population, one hundered (100) are involved in the study. These participants were only involved in the quantitative data gathering process. Additionally, 28 participants are involved in the semi-structured interview and focus group discussion. Mixed approaches (quantitative and qualitative methods) has employed in the study. Descriptive statistics like percentage, mean and standard deviation; and independent t – test used to analyze the quantitative data, whereas summarization and direct quoting used to analyze the qualitative data. Children in food insecure households have common problems like - aggressive behaviors, misconduct behaviors (i.e. cheating, stealing and disrespecting the elders), depression, feeling shame and poor interpersonal relationship. Additionally, children experience behaviors like - gambling, robbery, murder or homicide, school absenteeism, hot emotionality, inferiority, insomnia, stigma and discrimination. The older children (13 – 18) are more experience depressive behavioral and interpersonal relationship problems than the younger children (6-12) are. Maternal depression, parenting style (autocratic parenting style), parental carelessness to fulfill children’s basic needs, children’s current dressing styles, health conditions; tasks, duties and responsibilities that are beyond the children’s capacity are the basic reasons that push children to experience the psychological and social problems. Beside the physical consequences of food insecurity, it has great effect on the children’s psychological and social wellbeing. Working in poverty reduction rather than heavily relying on food aids, using inclusive methods of research, using inclusive psychosocial care and support strategies, establishing community and institution based care and support and expert based intervention on the children’s misconduct behaviors are suggested direction to overcome children’s problems.
Abstract: This study aimed to describe the psychosocial experience of children living in food insecure family. Among the 328 total population, one hundered (100) are involved in the study. These participants were only involved in the quantitative data gathering process. Additionally, 28 participants are involved in the semi-structured interview and focus gr...
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The Aspirations of Japanese Undergraduate Students: Prospective Study on their Effects on Depression and Anxiety and Mediation by Adult Attachment
Toshinori Kitamura,
Nobuhiko Kijima,
Mika Suzuki Takeuchi,
Atsuko Tomoda
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
171-178
Received:
9 October 2014
Accepted:
24 October 2014
Published:
10 November 2014
Abstract: The present study examined the connections among aspiration, depression, anxiety, attachment and stressful life events in a sample of 405 Japanese undergraduate students. At Time1 (T1), participants’ Dysphoric Mood (depression and anxiety rated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: HADS), Adult Attachment (rated by the Relationship Questionnaire) and factor-analysis-derived two dimensions of Aspiration (rated by the Aspiration Index) – Agency and Communality Aspirations – were measured. Three months later (Time2 [T2]), participants completed the HADS again and reported the impact of their most negative life event occurring during the interval between T1 and T2. After controlling for the direct path from T1 to T2 Dysphoric Mood, both T1 Dysphoric Mood and low Communality Aspiration predicted insecure Adult Attachment, which predicted the perception of Agency Stress, which in turn predicted T2 Dysphoric Mood. These findings suggest that adolescents’ Communality Aspiration is important in maintaining secure attachment and indirectly subsequent healthy psychological adjustment.
Abstract: The present study examined the connections among aspiration, depression, anxiety, attachment and stressful life events in a sample of 405 Japanese undergraduate students. At Time1 (T1), participants’ Dysphoric Mood (depression and anxiety rated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: HADS), Adult Attachment (rated by the Relationship Question...
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Anticipatory Grief among Close Relatives of Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Ulf Erland Johansson,
Agneta Grimby
Issue:
Volume 3, Issue 5, October 2014
Pages:
179-184
Received:
26 September 2014
Accepted:
11 October 2014
Published:
10 November 2014
Abstract: Several illnesses cause suffering and pre-death grief among close relatives, as in cancer and dementia. This might be the case also at Parkinson’s Disease (PD). We aimed at getting grief self-reports of relatives of PD patients using the same instrument (AGS) as in former grief studies to see similarities and differences. Anticipatory Grief Scale (AGS) and questions about background variables were sent to PD caregiver support groups in Sweden to be handed out to the members at their meetings. Close relatives of persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD) reported feelings and reactions on the AGS, and the results were compared with those from relatives of dementia patients in a former study also using the AGS. Self-estimations about the duration of illness, the condition at the time for questioning, and the perceived quality of care of the relative with PD were also made. The study showed an overall stressful situation including feelings of missing and longing, inability to accept the terminal fact, preoccupation with the ill, tearfulness, sleeping problems, anger, loneliness, and a need to talk. The PD and dementia groups appeared to show much more anticipatory grief similarities than dissimilarities. The duration of the disease did not influence the grief reactions, which, however, was shown for perceived quality of care as regards irritability and preoccupation thinking of the ill relative. Also the respondents’ perception of a bad condition of their relatives showed increased reports on loneliness, a need to talk about the illness, personal dysfunction, and not planning ahead.
Abstract: Several illnesses cause suffering and pre-death grief among close relatives, as in cancer and dementia. This might be the case also at Parkinson’s Disease (PD). We aimed at getting grief self-reports of relatives of PD patients using the same instrument (AGS) as in former grief studies to see similarities and differences. Anticipatory Grief Scale (...
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