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Quantitative Assessment of Sad Emotion
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
36-43
Received:
27 December 2014
Accepted:
16 January 2015
Published:
13 February 2015
Abstract: Based on the disparity theory of emotion, the role of sad emotion is an internal assessment of the error-correction process to reduce the disparity between the expected and actual outcomes (loss reduction) in the reality check process. This computational theory of emotion is consistent with the psychological characteristics that sadness is an emotional response to the sense of loss (such as loss of loved ones, valuables, possessions, or achieved goals). This emotional theory of sadness also includes the emotional resolution process by accepting that nothing can be done to change the actual outcomes, and resolving the emotion by reducing the perceived loss. This self-corrective mechanism is used as an internal feedback to assess the incongruence between the expectation and the actuality, such that the perceived loss can be reduced, resolving the sad emotion in the process. Thus, sadness can serve as a motivating feedback to an individual to make a decision to reduce the loss in the emotional resolution process. The classical ultimatum game (UG) paradigm is used to elicit self-generated emotion in human subjects experimentally in response to the disparity between the proportions of money being offered to share with. Results showed that the sadness level is quantified by the sadness stimulus-response function. The level of sadness intensity is proportional to perceived loss (or inversely proportional to the perceived gain). The results also showed that there was a shifting of the baseline sadness level from a less sad level for the acceptance decision to a more sad level for the rejection decision. This shows that the sad emotion can be resolved by accepting the monetary offer in the UG paradigm, which reduces the loss compared to the decision to reject the money. These results confirmed the emotional disparity hypothesis that the level of sadness is proportional to the perceived loss, and sadness can be resolved by reducing the loss in the self-regulated internal processing of emotion. Implications on emotional intelligence are also addressed so that one of the effective skills to resolve sadness is the reduction of the perceived losses.
Abstract: Based on the disparity theory of emotion, the role of sad emotion is an internal assessment of the error-correction process to reduce the disparity between the expected and actual outcomes (loss reduction) in the reality check process. This computational theory of emotion is consistent with the psychological characteristics that sadness is an emoti...
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Relationship between Left-Handedness and Increased Intelligence among University Undergraduates
James Adeniyi Adekoya,
Abiodun Adekunle Ogunola
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
44-50
Received:
26 September 2014
Accepted:
4 November 2014
Published:
15 February 2015
Abstract: The focus of the study is to examine the relationship between left-handedness and increased intelligence among university undergraduates of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye. Historically, left-handed individuals have had to cope with many difficulties. The level of hand dominance, however, not only depends on the hand with which an individual writes but also on an entire system of processes working together: eye, hand, and foot dominance. Primary data was used for the study. The study sample consisted of both left-handers and right-handers who were drawn from various departments. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and which were analyzed using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that male left-handers (x = 115.50) were more intelligent than female left-handers (x = 101.34). The results also showed that left-handers with higher educational level were more intelligent than those with low educational level (t = 6.93, p<0.05). The results also showed that left-handers will be more intelligent in the areas of spatial and musical intelligence than right-handers. The study opined that left-handed individuals can do well in the areas of spatial and musical intelligence and that being a left-hander does possess some advantages for the individual as it would improve his/her retention and memory if well utilized.
Abstract: The focus of the study is to examine the relationship between left-handedness and increased intelligence among university undergraduates of Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye. Historically, left-handed individuals have had to cope with many difficulties. The level of hand dominance, however, not only depends on the hand with which an individual...
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Health Locus of Control, Death Anxiety and Risky Sexual Behavior Among Undergraduate Students in Nigeria
Adedeji Julius Ogunleye,
Gbenga Omojola,
Gboyega Emmanuel Abikoye,
Oyewole Samuel Oke
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
51-57
Received:
28 January 2015
Accepted:
9 February 2015
Published:
16 February 2015
Abstract: This study examined the influence of health locus of control and death anxiety on risky sexual behavior among undergraduate students in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) undergraduate students were randomly selected from among the students of Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria for the study. Four hypotheses were tested and results revealed that there is a significant effect of health locus of control on risky sexual behavior [(F (1,296) = 7.74; P < .05]. It was found out that death anxiety does not influence risky sexual behavior [F (1,296) = 0.46; P > .05]. It was also revealed that there is a joint influence of health locus of control and death anxiety on risky sexual behavior [F (1,296) = 8.65; P < .05]. It was also found out that there is a significant difference in the levels of risky sexual behavior of female and male undergraduate students [t (298) = 6.44; P < .05]. The result indicated that age of respondents is a significant factor influencing their risky sexual behavior [t (298) = 5.58; P < .05]. It was also found out that there is a significant relationship between health locus of control and death anxiety [r = .451, P < .01], health locus of control and risky sexual behavior [r = .237, P < .01], and risky sexual behavior and death anxiety [r =.216, P < .01]. The result also indicated that a significant relationship exists between health locus of control and age [r = .136, P < .01]. The findings were discussed in line with previous literature and it was recommended that sex education be included in school curricular to enhance people’s communication about sexuality and sex related issues, and to boost healthy sexual and interpersonal relationships among dating partners and sexual populace which would, in turn, impact man-power and boost economy.
Abstract: This study examined the influence of health locus of control and death anxiety on risky sexual behavior among undergraduate students in Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) undergraduate students were randomly selected from among the students of Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria for the study. Four hypotheses wer...
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Cyber-Consciousness Between Self Perception and Body Image
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
58-63
Received:
7 February 2015
Accepted:
25 February 2015
Published:
2 March 2015
Abstract: This paper deals with the ontology of mind and its objective reality of being in certain states of self modified by consciousness, which implies a loss of differentiation between physicality and object. By entering the self, the ego becomes conscious to itself. Through this paper we propose to explore a new and less studied concept, i.e. the “virtual self”. The issue of creating another identity in the online environment is quite complex, and has an extremely surprising impact, since the individuals’ motivations are different, not being any pattern in this regard. For example, in case of some individuals the self-consciousness changes (also become a kind of cyber-consciousness) are just a variation of the same figures which reveal the repressed aspects of real life, being no link to the real self.
Abstract: This paper deals with the ontology of mind and its objective reality of being in certain states of self modified by consciousness, which implies a loss of differentiation between physicality and object. By entering the self, the ego becomes conscious to itself. Through this paper we propose to explore a new and less studied concept, i.e. the “virtu...
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Can Psychotherapists Improve Help Seeking Behavior: A Case Study of Accra Polytechnic Students
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
64-70
Received:
13 February 2015
Accepted:
1 March 2015
Published:
13 March 2015
Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out if psychotherapists could improve help seeking behavior. The research instruments used were validated and standardized instruments, namely, the General Help Seeking Questionnaire-Vignette (GHSQ-V) and the Actual Help Seeking Questionnaire (AHSQ). These instruments were used to measure the participants’ general help seeking intentions and actual help seeking behavior respectively. A demographic questionnaire was also used to determine the demographic variables of the participants. The population for this research was students who had been enrolled in Accra Polytechnic, in the Republic of Ghana. A repeated measures design was used to evaluate an invention procedure involving the use of psychotherapeutic strategies to improve help seeking intentions and behavior. It was hypothesized that participants will have an increase in their help seeking intentions and report more help seeking behavior after the intervention. The study’s hypotheses were analyzed with the Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Singed-Rank (T) Test with the aid of the version 17 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS V 17). The results indicated that psychotherapists could improve help seeking behavior. The limitations and implications of the study are then discussed. Areas for further research are also recommended.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to find out if psychotherapists could improve help seeking behavior. The research instruments used were validated and standardized instruments, namely, the General Help Seeking Questionnaire-Vignette (GHSQ-V) and the Actual Help Seeking Questionnaire (AHSQ). These instruments were used to measure the participants’ general ...
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Self-Disclosure, Interpersonal Relationships, and Stickiness of Online Communities
Ying-Wei Shih,
Meng-Hsu Hsu,
De-Chih Lee
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
71-78
Received:
25 February 2015
Accepted:
9 March 2015
Published:
17 March 2015
Abstract: Online communities change the way people interact. Due to the high diversity of online communities, how to maintain and increase user participation is an important issue for the administrators of those sites. This study first examines propensity to trust, need for affiliation, and exhibitionism as antecedents to self-disclosure and relationship maintenance and further explores the effects of self-disclosure and relationship maintenance on intimacy as well as the relation of intimacy to stickiness. By convenience and snowball sampling, 503 valid responses to an online questionnaire were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 7.0. Results indicate that need for affiliation and exhibitionism have positive effects on self-disclosure, that propensity to trust and need for affiliation are antecedents to relationship maintenance, that self-disclosure and relationship maintenance contribute to intimacy, and that intimacy reinforces stickiness to online communities.
Abstract: Online communities change the way people interact. Due to the high diversity of online communities, how to maintain and increase user participation is an important issue for the administrators of those sites. This study first examines propensity to trust, need for affiliation, and exhibitionism as antecedents to self-disclosure and relationship mai...
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Influence of Message Framing and Product Type of Metaphorical Ads on Advertising Preference
Chao-Ming Yang,
Tzu-Fan Hsu
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 2, April 2015
Pages:
79-89
Received:
19 March 2015
Accepted:
31 March 2015
Published:
9 April 2015
Abstract: Although previous studies have indicated that metaphorical advertisements have high persuasiveness, consumers are frequently affected by message framing and product type that lead to varying value preferences and decisions. This study adopted a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design to operate the two independent variables of metaphorical message framing (positive metaphor vs. negative metaphor) and advertised product type (symbolic product vs. utilitarian product) to verify the research hypotheses and test the influence of the two variables on advertising preference. Four significant results were obtained: (a) message framing affected advertising preference, and the advertising preference for positive metaphors surpassed that for negative metaphors; (b) product type affected advertising preference, and the advertising preference for symbolic products exceeded that for utilitarian products; (c) symbolic products using a negative metaphor obtained a relatively higher level of advertising preference; and (d) utilitarian products using a positive metaphor acquired a relatively higher level of advertising preference. Metaphorical advertisements are a persuasive tool for breaking consumer psychological defense. Nevertheless, optimizing the persuasiveness of metaphorical advertisements still relies on metaphorical message framing and product type. The results of this study can provide compelling and clear references for advertising practitioners to formulate message strategies and realize creativity in the future.
Abstract: Although previous studies have indicated that metaphorical advertisements have high persuasiveness, consumers are frequently affected by message framing and product type that lead to varying value preferences and decisions. This study adopted a 2 × 2 between-subjects experimental design to operate the two independent variables of metaphorical messa...
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